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CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 


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CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 


PUBLISHED   JOmTLY   BY  THE 

CORPORATION    AND    THE    ASSOCIATE    ALUMNI    OF 

THE    MASSACHUSETTS    AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE 


CAMBRIDGE 

Printed  at  TTie  Riverside  Press 
1917 


COPYRIGHT,   1917,   BY  FRBDBRICK  TUCKBRMAM 
ALL  RIGHTS  RESERVED 


TEACHEBS   SHALL   SHINE 

AS  THE  BBIGHTNESS  OF  THE   FIBMAMENT; 

AND    THEY    THAT   LEAD    MANY   TO    TEUTH 

AS   THE   STABS   FOB   EVEB   AND   EVEB 

{From  the  inscription  on  Fichte's  monument  in  Berlin) 


9 

s 


lU 

z 


448038 


Committee  of  l^ublication 


FBEDEEICK   TUCKERMAN 

JOSEPH    B.    LINDSEY 
CHARLES   WELLINGTON 


CONTENTS 

I.  Descent  and  Eaklt  Manhood  (i827-i857)  1 

II.  First  Yeabs  in  America  (1857-1868)  18 

III.  The  Call  to  Amherst  (1868-1888)  28 

IV.  Investigations  at  the  College  44 
V.  The  Experiment  Station  70 

VT.  Later  Years  97 

Letters  op  Fhiedrich  Wohleb  109 

Appendix  187 

Abbreviations  of  Foreign  Publications  139 

List  of  Pubushed  Writings  141 

Notices  of  Charles  A.  Goessmann  178 

Chronology  175 

Index  181 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

Charles  A.  Goessuann,  about  1895  {'photogravure)  Frontispiece 

Fritzlab  from  the  West  4 

Gottingen  from  the  East  6 

Wohler's  Laboratory  in  Goessbiann's  Tibie  10 

W5hler  and  his  Advanced  Stitdents,  ism  14 

In  the  Syracuse  Laboratory  24 

Charles  A.  Goessmann,  about  1875  SO 

The  Experiment  Station  70 

Priedrich  Wohler  110 

A  Letter  of  Friedrich  Wohlsb  (Jacaimile)  130 


CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 


CHAPTER  I 

DESCENT  AND   EARLY   MANHOOD 
1827-1857 

Charles  Anthony  Goessmann,  the  eminent  chem- 
ist, the  broad-minded  student  of  Nature,  the  lovable 
man,  ended  his  life  of  unceasing  and  fruitful  work  on 
the  1st  of  September  1910,  in  the  eighty-fourth  year 
of  his  age. 

He  was  one  of  the  notable  group  of  European  scien- 
tists who,  some  three  generations  ago,  found  a  home  in 
the  United  States.  Conspicuous  among  these  were 
Engelmann  the  botanist,  Agassiz  the  naturalist.  Pour- 
tales  the  zoologist,  Guyot  the  geologist  and  physi- 
ographer, Lesquereux  the  palaeobotanist  and  bryolo- 
gist,  Genth  the  mineralogist,  and  Goessmann  the 
chemist. 

The  Goessmanns,  it  is  said,  came  originally  from 
Spain,  where  the  name  was  spelled  Guzman.  About 
1520  they  passed  into  Germany,  in  the  train  of  the 
Emperor  Charles  V,  and  became  seated  in  Hesse.  They 
were  land-owners  from  the  first,  and  not  a  few  entered 
the  Church  and  the  army.  The  branch  from  which 
Dr.  Goessmann  sprang  had  long  been  settled  in  the 
ancient  town  of  Fulda,  the  seat  of  a  famous  monastery 
founded  by  Boniface,  the  apostle  of  Germany,  and 
selected  by  him  as  the  place  of  his  burial.    Joseph 


2        CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

Goessmann  of  Fnlda  and  later  of  Fritzlar,  grandfather 
of  Charles  Anthony,  was  a  judge  of  the  higher  court 
of  Electoral  Hesse,  lay  administrator  of  the  diocese  of 
Fulda,  and  a  man  of  much  influence  in  his  day.  He 
was  on  intimate  terms  of  friendship  with  Georg  Fried- 
rich  Heinrich,  reigning  Prince  of  Waldeck-Pyrmont, 
great-grandfather  of  the  present  Queen  of  Holland, 
and  the  little  summer-house  in  his  garden  at  Fritzlar, 
where  the  Prince  and  he  played  their  weekly  game  of 
chess  and  drank  their  coffee,  may  still  be  seen. 

The  wife  of  Judge  Goessmann  was  Fraulein  Kaiser, 
a  woman  of  rare  mental  vigour  and  brilliancy.  Of  her 
three  brothers,  one  established  the  chair  of  social  law 
(now  political  economy)  at  the  University  of  Graz; 
another  became  vicar-general  of  the  diocese  of  Fulda; 
and  a  third  was  an  officer  in  the  imperial  army.  The 
latter,  wounded  at  the  battle  of  Wagram,  was  raised 
by  the  Emperor  to  honorary  life-membership  in  the 
Noble  Imperial  Guard  of  Austria  as  a  reward  for  singu- 
lar bravery  and  courage.  The  three  daughters  of  Judge 
Goessmann  were  known  to  their  contemporaries  as  the 
'three  beautiful  sisters.'  Two  of  them  became  ladies- 
in-waiting  at  the  court  of  the  Electoral  Princess  of 
Hesse-Cassel,  and  married  respectively  Baron  von 
Mumm  and  Baron  von  Borke,  officers  in  the  German 
army. 

Heinrich  Goessmann,  son  of  Joseph  and  father  of 
Charles  Anthony,  was  bom  30  March  1799,  at  Fritzlar, 
Hesse-Cassel,  and  passed  much  of  his  life  there.  In  his 
youth,  with  his  elder  brother  Philip,  he  served  as  a 
volunteer  in  the  war  against  Napoleon  in  1815.    A 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD       3 

graduate  in  medicine  of  the  University  of  Marburg  in 
1820,  he  numbered  among  his  fellow-students  Friedrich 
Wohler,  the  celebrated  chemist  and  discoverer  of 
organic  chemical  synthesis,^  with  whom  he  formed  a 
warm  and  lasting  friendship. 

From  Marburg  he  proceeded  to  Wurzburg,  where 
two  years  were  spent  at  the  University  and  hospital, 
and  where  he  enjoyed  the  instruction  of  the  Natur- 
pkHosoph  Ignatius  DoUinger,  the  founder  of  embry- 
ology, teacher  of  Agassiz  and  von  Baer,  and  father  of 
Dr.  Johann  von  Dollinger  of  Munich,  the  leader  of  the 
Old  Catholics.  Dr.  Goessmann  subsequently  became 
Kreisphysikus  or  district  physician  and  health  oflBcer 
in  Hesse-Cassel,  and  in  recognition  of  his  services  was 
made  a  medical  councillor  by  Emj>eror  William  I.  In 
addition  to  this  distinction  the  University  of  Wurzburg 
conferred  upon  him  the  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Medicine.   He  died  at  Fritzlar,  22  February  1880. 

The  life  and  work  of  Charles  Anthony  Goessmann 
falls  naturally  into  three  well-defined  periods.  The 
first  period  ended  in  1857  with  his  departure  from 
Gbttingen;  the  second,  and  shortest,  terminated  in 
1868  with  the  call  to  Amherst;  and  the  third  comprised 
his  two-score  years  of  service  here  as  Professor  in  the 
College  and  Director  of  Research.  During  the  first 
period  he  made  his  most  important  researches  and  dis- 
coveries in  theoretical  chemistry,  organic  and  analy- 
tic. The  second  period  was  marked  by  investigations 

*  "The  first  sjiithesis  of  an  organic  compound,  that  of  urea,  achieved 
more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago  by  the  illustrious  Wohler,  will,  for 
simplicity  and  elegance  of  the  successive  reactions  employed,  ever  remain 
the  model  of  synthetical  processes.'  —  A.  W.  Hofmann  in  1863. 


4        CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

in  technical  and  industrial  chemistry,  particularly  in 
its  relations  to  the  sugar  and  salt  industries.  The  third 
and  last  period  was  devoted  almost  entirely  to  agri- 
cultural chemistry,  a  branch  of  chemical  science  in 
which  he  was  a  leader  in  this  country. 

Karl  Anton  Goessmann,  third  and  youngest  son  of 
the  four  children  of  Geheimer  Medizinalrath  Dr. 
Heinrich  Goessmann  and  Helena  Henslinger-Boediger 
his  wife,  was  bom  on  the  13th  of  June  1827,  at  Naum- 
burg,  in  the  electorate  of  Hesse-Cassel.  Carefully  nur- 
tured, he  received  his  early  training,  first  in  the  schools 
of  his  native  place  and  later  at  the  Latin  School  of 
Fritzlar,  whither  his  father  had  removed  while  the  son 
was  still  a  lad  of  eight  or  nine,  and  which  henceforth 
was  the  home  of  his  youth  and  early  manhood.  There 
he  passed  through  the  curriculum,  his  quiet  bearing 
and  studious  habits  winning  him  the  commendation 
and  respect  of  his  teachers.  Fond  of  flowers  and  pets 
as  a  child,  he  early  developed  a  taste  for  the  natural 
sciences,  and  his  spare  hours  and  holidays  were  largely 
spent  roaming  the  fields,  woods,  and  hills  in  search  of 
plants,  minerals,  and  other  objects  of  interest.  He  also 
delighted  especially  in  books  of  travel  and  adventure. 
His  education  owed  more  perhaps  to  his  home  circle 
than  to  the  school.  His  mother,  an  excellent  woman  of 
great  piety,  devoted  herself  to  the  culture  of  her  four 
children,  and  had  she  lived  until  Anton's  manhood, 
he  might  have  entered  the  Church  —  thus  following 
the  example  of  his  maternal  uncle,  who  was  attached 
to  the  Dom  of  Fritzlar,  where  the  young  Goessmann 
often  served  as  altar-boy.   The  *  priest-uncle,'  as  he 


n:    = 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD        5 

was  fondly  called,  was  the  instructor,  mentor,  com- 
panion, and  idol  of  his  kinsfolk. 

On  leaving  school  young  Goessmann,  like  Davy, 
Liebig,  Heinrich  Rose,  and  the  French  chemist  Pelouze, 
first  became  interested  in  pharmacy.  He  pursued  his 
studies  with  a  kinsman  at  Gudensberg  near  Cassel,  to 
whom  he  had  been  apprenticed,  and  in  1846  passed 
the  state  examination  required  to  qualify  him  as  an 
assistant  in  pharmacy.  The  next  four  years  were  passed 
as  an  apothecary's  assistant  at  Gottingen,  Mainz,  and 
Fulda,  Goessmann  devoting  his  spare  moments  to  the 
pursuit  of  his  favourite  studies,  chemistry,  botany,  and 
geology.  Inheriting,  however,  a  love  of  science  and 
wishing  to  perfect  himself  yet  further  in  his  vocation, 
he  entered  the  University  of  Gottingen  at  Easter,  27 
April  1850,  matriculating  in  the  philosophical  faculty 
as  a  student  of  pharmacy.  It  was  natural  that  in  seek- 
ing a  university  he  should  turn  to  Gottingen,  where 
three  years  earlier  he  had  been  assistant  to  Julius  Post, 
the  University  apothecary,  and  where  his  father's 
friend  and  fellow-student  at  Marburg,  Friedrich  Woh- 
ler,  then  at  the  height  of  his  fame,  filled  the  chair  of 
chemistry. 

The  following  letter  from  Wohler  to  Kreisphysikics 
Dr.  Goessmann  has  fortunately  been  preserved :  — 

GbxTiNGEN,  12  April  1850. 

Most  esteemed  Sir  and  Friend, — 

Your  lines  have  recalled  to  me  most  vividly  the 
scenes  of  my  first  university  year  and  my  associations 
with  you  in  old  Marburg.    Although  more  than  30 


6        CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANK 

years  have  passed,  I  can  see  you  so  plainly  that  I  could 
make  a  sketch  of  you.  I  need  not  assure  you  that  I 
shall  take  care  of  your  son  in  the  best  possible  manner. 
I  shall  reserve  for  him  the  first  place  that  may  be 
vacant.  The  lectures  and  laboratory  work  are  set  to 
begin  as  early  as  the  15th  of  the  month.  It  can  be  fore- 
seen, however,  that  as  usual  only  a  few  students  will 
be  present.  Therefore,  I,  as  well  as  most  of  my  col- 
leagues, shall  not  comimence  until  Thursday  the  18th 
of  the  month. 

With  great  respect, 

Your  most  obedient, 

WOHLER. 

Here,  during  the  next  five  semesters,  he  heard 
Wohler,  Wiggers,  and  Staedeler  in  chemistry,  Bartling 
and  Lantzius-Beninga  in  botany,  Weber,  the  renowned 
physicist  and  revolutionist,  in  physics,  Sartorius  von 
Waltershausen  in  geology  and  mineralogy,  Hausmann 
in  technology,  and  Bohtz  in  the  history  of  German 
literature.  Thus  was  laid  a  broad  and  sohd  foundation 
for  his  future  hfe-work. 

At  the  close  of  the  summer  semester  of  1851  Goess- 
mann,  it  seems,  had  fully  determined  to  leave  Gottin- 
gen  and  follow  the  calling  of  a  pharmacist.  With  that 
purpose  in  view  he  went  to  take  leave  of  his  teacher. 
Wohler,  discerning  in  his  young  friend  those  endow- 
ments and  aptitudes  of  mind  which  promised  success 
in  the  field  of  science,  pointed  out  the  difference  be- 
tween practical  pharmacy  and  scientific  chemistry, 
and  urged  upon  him  the  expediency  of  abandoning  the 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD        7 

former  and  of  devoting  himself  to  science.  Happily, 
the  advice  was  followed,  and  Goessmann  decided  to 
devote  himself  henceforth  to  chemistry.  Soon  after 
this  he  became  chemical  assistant  to  Professor  Staede- 
ler,  who  was  then  lecturing  on  physiological  chemistry. 

In  March  1852  he  passed  the  examination  in  phar- 
macy before  the  Electoral  Medical  College  of  Hesse- 
Cassel,  and  in  Jmie  was  appointed  by  Wohler  second 
assistant  in  analytical  and  practical  chemistry  in  the 
Chemical  Laboratory.  During  the  temporary  absence 
of  Wohler  in  Switzerland,  whither  he  had  gone  in 
search  of  health,  Goessmann  taught  his  class  in  phar- 
maceutical chemistry.  On  his  return  Wohler  presented 
him  with  a  handsome  Swiss  watch,  which  he  carried  for 
more  than  half  a  century. 

Li  the  autumn  of  1852,  during  the  dekanat  of 
Geheimer  Hofrath  Ritter,  Goessmann  presented  a  dis- 
sertation Ueber  die  Bestandtheile  der  Canthariden.  This 
was  his  first  scientific  paper  and  stamped  its  author  as 
an  original  investigator  of  marked  ability.  In  Decem- 
ber, *  after  passing,'  says  Wohler,  *a  most  excellent 
examination,'  he  took  his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Phi- 
losophy. 

Two  years  later,  in  1854,  appeared  his  HabUitations- 
schrift,  Verwandlung  des  ThwMins  in  Leucin  and  Bei- 
trag  zur  Kenntniss  des  Leucins.  The  results  of  this 
classic  research  on  the  constitution  and  production  of 
leucin  were  at  once  communicated  by  Wohler  to  Jean- 
Baptiste  Dumas,  Perpetual  Secretary  of  the  French 
Academy  of  Sciences,  and  published  by  him  in  the 
Comptes  rendus.  This  important  contribution  to  knowl- 


8        CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

edge  also  obtained  him  the  distinction  of  associate 
membership  in  the  Physico-Medical  Society  of  the 
University  of  Erlangen.^ 

In  February  of  1855  he  was  appointed  Privatdocent 
in  the  philosophical  faculty,  with  permission  to  lecture 
in  all  branches  of  chemistry  and  pharmacy,  and  soon 
thereafter,  on  the  promotion  of  his  friend  and  colleague, 
Heinrich  Limpricht,  to  a  professorship,  he  succeeded 
him  as  first  assistant  in  the  Chemical  Institute.  From 
1852  to  1857  Goessmann  lectured  on  organic  chem- 
istry, on  selected  subjects  in  technical  chemistry, 
had  charge  of  the  instruction  in  organic  and  inor- 
ganic analysis,  and  taught  pharmacy  to  the  medical 
students. 

'He  acted  as  my  assistant  in  the  laboratory,'  writes 
Wohler  in  1857,  'and  in  this  capacity  he  has  served  for 
five  years  to  my  utmost  satisfaction,  and  has  aided  me 
most  eflSciently  through  his  excellent  knowledge  and 
his  indefatigable  zeal  in  teaching  practical  chemistry.' 
From  Professor  Chandler  we  learn  that  Wohler  en- 
trusted to  Goessmann  his  most  advanced  laboratory 
students. 

It  was  during  this  period  that  he  made  his  most 
important  researches  and  discoveries  in  organic  and 
analytic  chemistry.  The  results  of  these  various  inves- 
tigations —  some  twenty-four  in  all  —  first  appeared 
in  Liebig's  Annalen,^  and  established  his  reputation  as 
a  careful,  skilful,  and  productive  investigator. 

In  September  1854  the  yearly  meeting  of  the  German 

*  Physikalisch-medicinische  Societal  zu  Erlangen. 

'  Abstracts  of  these  papers  were  published  in  the  Annales  de  Chimie  et 
de  Physique,  by  Charles  Adolphe  Wurtz,  the  eminent  French  chemist. 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD       9 

Naturalists  and  Physicians  was  held  at  Gottingen,* 
and  Goessmann  read  a  paper,  entitled  Veher  Leucin 
und  Essigsdure-Aldehyd.  Two  years  later  (16-24  Sep- 
tember 1856)  he  attended  the  meeting  at  Vienna, 
where  he  saw  many  noted  men  of  science,  including 
Anton  Schrotter,  professor  of  chemistry  in  the  Royal 
and  Imperial  Polytechnical  Institute,  perpetual  secre- 
tary of  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  noted  for  his 
researches  on  phosphorus;  Baron  von  Reichenbach, 
the  technical  chemist  and  discoverer  of  paraffin  and 
creosote;  Wilhelm  Haidinger,  the  mineralogist  and 
physicist,  the  discoverer  of  *Haidinger's  brushes,' and 
director  of  the  Imperial  Geological  Institute  of  Austria; 
Ley  dolt,  the  mineralogist;  von  Martins,  the  celebrated 
Brazilian  traveller  and  botanist;  Franz  von  Kobell,  the 
mineralogist  and  poet;  Vogel,  the  agricultural  chemist; 
Schafhautl,  the  mineralogist  and  technologist;  and 
Redtenbacher,  the  mechanician  and  director  of  the 
Polytechnic  School  at  Karlsruhe. 

During  the  years  1855  and  1856  Johann  Lukas 
Schonlein,  the  eminent  pathologist  and  physician  to 
Frederick  William  IV,  and  the  founder  of  exact  mod- 
em clinical  methods  in  Germany,  had  endeavoured  to 
establish  at  the  Royal  Charite  Hospital  in  Berhn  a 
laboratory  for  research  in  physiological  and  patho- 
logical chemistry,  and  Goessmann  was  offered  the 
directorship.  Had  this  project  succeeded,  it  would 
have  been  very  gratifying  to  him,  as  he  wished  to  de- 
vote himself  to  animal  chemistry  —  a  field  of  inquiry 

*  The  yearly  gatherings  of  the  Deutsche  Naturforscher  und  AerzU  were 
instituted  by  Lorenz  Oken  in  1822,  the  first  meeting  being  held  at  Leipzig. 


10      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

in  which  he  had  already  achieved  notable  success. 
Owing,  however,  to  the  opposition  of  Eilhard  Mitscher- 
lich,  to  whom  the  matter  was  referred  by  the  Prussian 
Ministry  of  Public  Worship  and  Instruction,  the  proj- 
ect was  abandoned. 

As  already  mentioned,  Goessmann's  most  important 
researches  in  the  field  of  pure  chemistry  were  con- 
ducted in  the  laboratory  at  Gottingen  in  the  years  1852 
to  1857  —  years  which  were  among  the  most  active, 
fruitful,  and  enjoyable  of  his  whole  life.  The  free  and 
cordial  way  in  which  he  worked  in  conjunction  with 
his  pupils  and  others  is  partly  seen  in  the  various  names 
which  are  associated  with  his  in  authorship. 

His  earliest  investigation  of  which  there  is  any  pub- 
lished record,  and  with  which  his  active  scientific 
career  may  be  said  to  begin,  was  upon  the  composition 
of  Cantharis  vesicatoria,  and  the  results  of  this  research, 
as  already  noted,  appeared  first  in  the  dissertation  for 
his  doctorate.^  He  found  that  the  fat  of  cantharidin 
consists  of  stearin,  palmitin,  and  olein  in  the  form  of 
acid  glycerides  of  margaric  and  oleic  acids.  At  the 
suggestion  of  Professor  Heintz  he  attempted  the  reso- 
lution of  margaric  acid  by  fractional  precipitation  into 
stearic  and  palmitic  acids,  and  succeeded  in  separating 
the  latter  acid.  In  1854  he  discovered  in  the  oil  of  the 
ground-nut  {Arachis  hypogaea)  a  new  acid  with  the 
formula  C20H40O2,  subsequently  confirmed  by  Berthe- 

*  The  brief  outline  of  Goessmann's  work  in  the  Gottingen  Laboratory 
here  given  does  not  conform  in  all  respects  to  the  chemistry  of  the 
present.  Nevertheless,  as  it  was  revised  by  Goessmann  himself,  though 
many  years  ago,  and  received  his  approval,  the  editors  decided  to  print 
it  unchanged. 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD     11 

lot,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  arachic  (or  arachidic) 
acid.  He  next  investigated  the  cocoa-nut  oil,  and  found 
it  to  consist,  not  only  of  stearin  and  olein,  as  earher 
pointed  out  by  Boussingault  and  Stenhouse,  but  also 
of  palmitin,  the  first  mentioned  in  such  predominating 
proportion  that  it  was  considered  one  of  the  best  ma- 
terials for  the  preparation  of  pure  stearic  acid. 

In  1854  he  published  the  results  of  his  memorable 
research  on  the  conversion  of  thialdin  into  leucin.  In 
this  research  was  verified  the  relation  supposed  to  ex- 
ist by  M.  Cahours  between  thialdin  and  leucin.  The 
former,  CeHuNSj,  he  converted  into  leucin,  CgHisNOj, 
by  treatment  with  oxide  of  silver  and  water  at  212° 
Fahr.  These  results  were  at  once  communicated  by 
Wohler  to  Jean-Baptiste  Dumas,  Perpetual  Secretary 
of  the  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  appeared  in 
the  Comptes  rendus  the  same  year.  It  is  interesting  to 
recall  that  in  the  years  1853  to  1856  (almost  simultane- 
ously therefore)  Frerichs  at  Breslau  and  Virchow  at 
Wiirzburg  were  conducting  investigations  on  the  occur- 
rence and  separation  of  leucin  and  tyrosin  in  the  ani- 
mal organism,  especially  in  the  human  liver. 

Soon  after  this  he  investigated  the  compounds  of 
leucin.  He  showed  that  leucin  might  be  considered  the 
amide  of  a  compound  acid  consisting  of  valeral  (alde- 
hyde of  valeric  acid)  and  formic  acid,  a  view  subse- 
quently confirmed  by  his  colleague  Limpricht.  He 
showed,  moreover,  that  leucin  forms  salts  with  oxide  of 
copper  and  with  peroxide  of  mercury;  and  that  with 
oxide  of  lead  two  series  of  salts  are  formed,  one  insolu- 
ble and  the  other  soluble.  He  also  prepared  leucic  acid 


12      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

from  leucin  by  the  same  process  which  served  him  for 
the  preparation  of  benzoglycohc  acid  from  hippuric 
acid.  After  distillation  he  recognized  as  products  of 
decomposition  hydrocyanic  and  valeric  (or  valerianic) 
acids,  ammonia  and  valero-nitrile.  Previously  he  had 
obtained  a  solution  which  evolved  the  odour  of  chlo- 
ride of  cyanogen. 

By  a  new  method  he  obtained  ethylamine  from  bi- 
sulphite of  aldehyde-ammonia  by  distillation  with 
calcium  hydroxide.  From  the  oil  of  bitter  almonds 
(benzoic  aldehyde)  he  collected  amarine  and  lophine. 
He  showed  that  lophine  is  formed  when  bisulphite  of 
ammonia  and  oil  of  bitter  almonds  are  heated  together 
with  dry  calcium  hydroxide.  He  and  Atkinson  like- 
wise established  the  formula  of  lophine,  C21H17N2,  — 
which  differs  very  little  from  that  adopted  by  Fownes, 
one  of  the  original  discoverers  of  this  base,  —  and  also 
showed  that  the  pyrobenzoline  of  Fownes  and  the 
lophine  of  Laurent  are  identical. 

In  1855  Goessmann  and  Scheven,  in  a  subsequent 
investigation  of  the  ground-nut  oil,  discovered  a  new 
member  of  the  oleic  acid  series  with  the  formula 
CieHsoOg,  which  they  named  hypogaeic  acid.  Goess- 
mann and  Caldwell  showed  that  hypogaeic  acid  in 
contact  with  nitrous  acid  is  converted  into  the  isomeric 
compound,  gaeidic  acid.  By  dry  distillation  of  hypo- 
gaeic acid  Goessmann  obtained  ordinary  sebacic  acid. 
He  also  found  palmitic  acid  present  in  the  ground- 
nut oil.  Li  his  investigations  on  the  combinations  of 
arachic  acid  he  prepared  arachin  by  heating  equal 
parts  of  arachic  acid  and  glycerin  in  a  sealed  glass  tube. 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD     13 

He  obtained  from  the  oil  of  cassia  a  new  base,  which 
he  named  triphenylamine,  by  heating  the  bisulphite 
of  the  ammoniacal  cinnamic  aldehyde  with  calcium 
hydroxide;  and  obtained  tricaproylamine  by  a  sim- 
ilar mode  from  caproyl  aldehyde.  He  prepared  cou- 
marin  from  the  Tonka  bean,  discovered  a  profitable 
way  of  separating  styracin,  and  determined  the  compo- 
sition of  huanokine,  a  new  base  of  Peruvian  bark, 
C20H12NO,  and  found  that  it  is  isomeric  with  cincho- 
nine.  He  investigated  the  action  of  zinc  chloride  on 
hippuric  acid,  and  showed  that  when  chlorine  is  passed 
into  a  solution  of  hippuric  acid  in  rather  dilute  potash, 
nitrogen  is  evolved  and  benzoglycolic  acid  produced. 

He  obtained  crystallized  sulphocyanide  of  silver  by 
the  action  of  oxide  of  silver  upon  sulphocyanide  of 
ammonium.  Experiments  on  the  action  of  oxide  of 
silver  upon  sulphocyanide  of  ammonium  gave  occa- 
sion to  the  observation  of  the  following  very  beautiful 
mode  of  formation  of  sulphocyanide  of  silver.  If  freshly 
precipitated  oxide  of  silver  be  digested  at  a  gentle  heat 
with  a  solution  of  sulphocyanide  of  ammonium,  a  con- 
tinual evolution  of  ammonia  takes  place,  while  oxide 
of  silver  is  dissolved;  and  thus  a  compound  of  the  sul- 
phocyanides  of  silver  and  ammonium  is  formed,  to- 
gether with  unchanged  sulphocyanide  of  ammonium, 
the  process  affording  a  beautiful  example  of  rapid  for- 
mation of  crystals.  He  found  manganate  of  potassium 
a  suitable  substance  for  decolourizing  organic  bodies, 
and  employed  it  in  purifying  uric,  hippuric,  and  cya- 
nuric  acids,  with  great  success.  In  1857  he  made  re- 
peated experiments  with  the  view  of  obtaining  by  the 


14      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

action  of  iodide  of  ethyl  on  tungstate  of  silver  a  com- 
pound of  oxide  of  ethyl  and  timgstic  acid.  In  this  he 
did  not  succeed,  but  obtained  iodide  of  silver,  free 
tungstic  acid,  and  oxide  of  ethyl.  He  showed  that  ani- 
line is  obtained  when  nitrobenzene  is  treated  with 
caustic  soda  and  arsenic  trioxide  —  an  investigation 
completed  by  Wohler. 

The  year  1857  saw  the  completion  of  Goessmann's 
researches  in  the  field  of  pure  chemistry,  and  with  it 
concluded  the  period  of  his  most  important  discoveries. 
He  soon  attained,  however,  a  leading  place  among 
technical  chemists  in  the  country  of  his  adoption,  and 
his  advice  was  often  sought  on  important  questions. 
His  attention  was  thus  turned  from  purely  scientific 
subjects  to  matters  of  more  practical  interest. 

While  a  teacher  at  Gottingen  he  numbered  among 
his  American  pupils  and  friends  Caldwell  of  Cornell, 
Chandler  of  Columbia,  Clark  of  Amherst,  Garrigues  of 
Michigan,  Hungerford  of  Vermont,  Joy  of  Union, 
Mallet  of  Virginia,  Marsh  of  Illinois,  Nason  of  Rens- 
selaer, Pugh  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Weyman  of  Pitts- 
burgh. Anton  Geuther,  afterwards  called  to  Jena,  was 
likewise  a  pupil  of  his  and  his  immediate  successor  at 
Gottingen.  The  testimonials  he  received  bear  witness 
to  the  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  fellow  work- 
ers and  students.  One  of  the  most  gratifying  was  a 
beautiful  balance  from  his  American  students  in- 
scribed with  their  names.  ^  At  his  departure  from 
Gottingen  his  pupils  presented  him  with  a  silver  lov- 

*  The  plate  bears  the  following  inscription:  'Presented  to  Dr.  Goess- 
mann  by  J.  Dean,  C.  Chandler.  E.  Pugh,  G.  C.  Caldwell,  E.  P.  Eastwick, 
J.  H.  Eastwick,  J.  F.  Magee,  D.  K.  Tuttle,  J.  D.  Hague,  H.  P.  Nason.' 


'•J  ~ 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD     15 

ing-cup,  bearing  the  following  inscription :  Ihrem  ver- 
ehrten  Lehrer  Dr.  A.  Goessmann  die  Practikanten  des 
Chemischen  Laboratoriums  Gottingen  26ten  Mdrz  1857. 
Wohler,  his  lifelong  friend,  gave  him,  amongst  other 
tokens  of  regard,  the  portfolio  used  by  Berzelius  and 
himself  for  carrying  notes  and  manuscripts  during 
their  geological  and  mineralogical  tour  through  Sweden 
and  Norway  in  1824. 

On  1  July  1824,  Friedrich  Wohler  and  Christian 
Retzius  set  out  for  Skimskatteberg,  the  estate  of 
Hisinger  the  chemist,  where  they  found  Berzelius 
awaiting  them.  There  they  spent  a  week,  making 
short  excursions  in  the  neighbourhood  with  Berzelius 
and  HisLDger.  In  the  middle  of  July  they  journeyed  to 
Helsingborg  to  meet  the  Brongniarts  —  Alexandre, 
the  chemist  and  mineralogist,  and  his  son  Adolphe, 
the  botanist.  Here  they  found  Baron  Wrede  the  phys- 
icist, Oersted  the  founder  of  the  science  of  electro- 
magnetism,  and  Sir  Humphry  Davy  the  natural  phi- 
losopher. At  Lund  they  were  welcomed  by  Nilsson  the 
naturalist,  and  Agardh  the  botanist,  and  at  Chris- 
tiania  by  Hansteen  the  mathematician  and  astrono- 
mer, Esmark  the  mineralogist,  and  Steffens  the  Natur- 
phUosaph.  After  an  absence  of  two  months,  the  party 
—  which  had  included  Berzelius,  the  Brongniarts,  and 
Wohler  —  returned  to  Stockholm.  It  does  not  appear, 
as  Goessmann  supposed,  that  Arfvedson,  the  mineralo- 
gist, was  one  of  the  party,  though  earlier  the  latter 
made  a  short  journey  to  the  island  of  Uto,  in  the  Baltic, 
in  company  with  Berzelius,  Hisinger,  C.  Retzius,  and 
Wohler. 


16      CHAKLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

In  April  1857,  notwithstanding  the  prospect  of 
further  advancement,  Goessmann  left  Gottingen.  He 
was  led  to  this  step,  partly  because  of  an  urgent  invi- 
tation from  the  Eastwick  Brothers  of  Philadelphia, 
former  pupils  of  his  in  technical  chemistry,  to  visit 
America  and  assume  the  chemical  direction  of  an 
extensive  sugar  refinery,  but  chiefly  because  it  was  in 
accord  with  the  advice  of  his  revered  teacher,  which 
was  *to  see  something  of  the  world  and  study  the 
great  industries.'  'Unfortunately,  I  am  to  lose  him,* 
wrote  Wohler  to  Liebig  at  this  time,  'for  five  years  my 
assistant  and  known  to  you  through  his  works.'  ^ 

He  obtained  from  the  University  Curatorium  a  three 
years'  leave  of  absence,  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the 
chemical  industries  of  France,  England  and  the  United 
States.  At  his  departure  he  was  informed  by  the 
authorities  that  whenever  within  the  tliree  years  he 
chose  to  return,  he  should  be  promoted  to  a  professor- 
ship. That  he  fully  expected  to  return  to  Germany 
there  seems  little  doubt.  It  was  not  until  some  time 
after  he  had  entered  upon  his  work  at  Syracuse  that  he 
definitely  resolved  to  remain  in  America. 

The  next  few  weeks  were  spent  visiting  some  of  the 
leading  German  universities,  as  well  as  many  manu- 
facturing, refining,  and  industrial  establishments  in 
Germany  and  France,  thus  giving  him  an  opportunity 
of  seeing  and  becoming  familiar  with  a  great  variety 
of  chemical  operations  on  a  large  scale.  During  this 
tour  he  met  many  of  the  foremost  chemists  of  the  Con- 
tinent.   He  saw  Bunsen  at  Heidelberg,  Erdmann  at 

^  Liebig-Wdhlcr  Briefwechsel,  Bd.  ii.  S.  40. 


DESCENT  AND  EARLY  MANHOOD     17 

Leipzig,  and  Fehling  at  Stuttgart.  At  Munich  he  met 
Pettenkofer  and  Buchner,  but  above  all  Liebig,  the 
latter,  unless  we  except  Wohler,  the  chief  chemical 
figure  in  Europe.  At  Berlin  he  met  Eilhard  IVIitscher- 
lich,  known  by  his  discoveries  in  isomorphism,  and  the 
highly  accomplished  analytical  chemist,  Heinrich  Rose, 
both,  like  his  great  teacher,  pupils  of  Berzehiis,  one  of 
the  founders  of  modem  chemistry.  To  this  brilliant 
group  of  scientists  should  be  added  Christian  Friedrich 
Schonbein,  the  chemical  physicist  and  discoverer  of 
gun-cotton  and  ozone,  Gustav  Magnus,  August  Wil- 
helm  Hofmann,  Rammelsberg,  and  the  French  chem- 
ist, Henri  Sainte-Claire  Deville.  These  he  met,  and 
many  other  scientific  workers,  and  by  all  was  cordially 
received,  his  investigations  and  discoveries  in  organic 
chemistry  having  already  made  his  name  familiar  to 
them. 


CHAPTER  n 

FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA 
1857-1868 

On  the  12th  of  May  1857,  Goessmann  embarked  at 
Bremen,  in  the  steamship  Ariel,  for  America.  On  his 
arrival  at  New  York  he  proceeded  at  once  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  entered  upon  his  duties  as  Chemist  and 
General  Superintendent  of  the  Eastwick  Brothers* 
Steam  Sugar  Refinery.  He  had  brought  from  Germany 
considerable  apparatus  for  the  Eastwicks,  and  at  once 
set  about  increasing  the  eflBciency  of  their  plant  by 
introducing  more  scientific  and  economic  methods  for 
refining  sugar,  not  the  least  important  being  the  appli- 
cation of  caustic  magnesia  with  acid  phosphate  of  lime. 

He  greatly  improved  the  method  of  refining  sugar 
by  the  defecation  of  solutions  of  crude  cane  sugar.  He 
found  by  experiment  that  by  employing  in  combina- 
tion caustic  magnesia  (or  magnesium  hydroxide)  with 
calcium  hydroxide,  better  results  were  obtained  than 
by  the  use  of  either  reagent  alone;  and,  further,  that  a 
thick  cream  of  magnesium  hydroxide  and  water,  added 
to  the  warmed  sugar  liquor,  gave  better  results  than 
he  or  any  one  else  had  hitherto  obtained. 

During  the  following  months  he  made  a  thorough 
study  and  investigation  of  the  Chinese  sugar-cane 
(Sorghum  saccharatum) ,  the  results  of  which  were  pub- 
lished both  in  this  country  and  Europe.  From  both  a 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA  19 

chemical  and  an  economic  standpoint  this  elaborate 
research  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  made  in  America 
respecting  our  knowledge  of  the  plant  and  its  products, 
its  potentialities  as  a  source  of  sugar,  its  method  of 
culture,  and  the  preparation  of  sugar  and  syrup  from 
its  juice.  It  was  his  opinion  at  the  time  that,  pro- 
vided the  percentage  of  sugar  in  the  sorghum  could 
be  increased  in  the  same  ratio  as  in  the  beet  root,  its 
successful  cultivation  would  become  an  accomplished 
fact,  and  our  farmers  would  be  able  to  compete  profit- 
ably with  the  planters  of  the  West  Indies. 

In  February  1862,  he  read  a  paper  of  great  impor- 
tance and  interest  before  the  New  York  State  Agricul- 
tural Society,  on  the  nature  of  Sorghum  saccharatumy 
discussing  at  length  the  history  of  the  plant,  its  chem- 
ical characters,  the  determination  of  the  quality  and 
quantity  of  sugar,  and  its  value  for  agricultural  and 
industrial  purposes.  Some  four  years  earlier  he  had 
sent  this  exhaustive  monograph  to  Wohler,  who  gave 
it  to  Henneberg,  and  it  was  published  in  the  Journal 
fiir  Landwirthschajt.  Returning  to  this  subject  ten 
years  later,  Goessmann  says:  *I  stated  the  results  of  a 
chemical  investigation  carried  out  by  me  in  1857,  con- 
cerning the  fitness  of  the  sorghum  cane  for  the  manu- 
facture of  sugar  and  of  superior  syrups.  These  state- 
ments have  been  confirmed,  as  far  as  its  yield  of  good 
quality  of  syrup  is  concerned;  but  the  manufacture  of 
sugar  has  not  been  tried  to  any  extent,  although  there 
is  no  substantial  reason  why  within  some  of  the  South- 
ern States,  with  their  favourable  climate,  a  part  of  its 
sugar  might  not  be  advantageously  secured  in  crystals. 


20      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

A  proper  defecation  of  the  sorghum  juice  before  its 
concentration  would  doubtless  accomplish  that  result. 
In  making  these  statements  here,  I  do  not  intend  to 
assert  that  most  of  our  Northern,  and  particularly  our 
Northwestern  States  can  profitably  engage  in  the  pro- 
duction of  sorghum  sugar.  Localities  liable  to  early 
frosts  and  short  seasons  had  better  confine  themselves, 
if  at  all  engaged  in  sorghum  cultivation,  to  the  manu- 
facture of  syrups,  for  unripe  cane  is  entirely  unfit  for 
the  manufacture  of  crystallized  sugar.  The  Middle 
and  some  of  the  Southern  States  have  apparently  not 
suflBciently  appreciated  the  value  of  this  crop.' 

At  the  beginning  of  December  1860,  Goessmann 
abruptly  terminated  his  engagement  with  the  East- 
wicks,  and  went  at  once  to  Cuba,  for  the  purpose  of 
studying  the  agricultural  industries,  especially  the  cul- 
tivation of  sugar  and  tobacco,  of  the  West  Indies. 
There  he  remained  nearly  four  months,  visiting  many 
plantations,  witnessing  the  working  of  the  sugar-cane, 
experimenting  with  the  juice,  and  thoroughly  investi- 
gating the  processes  of  manufacturing  and  refining 
sugar  in  the  island. 

On  his  return  from  the  West  Indies  in  March  of  1861 
he  was  invited  by  Dr.  George  H.  Cook,^  professor  of 
geology  at  Rutgers  College  and  state  geologist  of  New 
Jersey,  'to  participate  in  a  scientific  investigation  for 
the  improvement  of  the  manufacture  of  dairy  salt  at 
Syracuse,  New  York.*  Goessmann  seems  to  have  made 
a  favourable  impression  at  Syracuse,  as  he  was  offered, 

*  In  1852  Dr.  Cook  was  sent  abroad  by  the  State  of  New  York  to  study 
the  salt  deposits  of  Europe. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA  21 

and  accepted,  the  position  of  Chemist  and  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Salt  Company  of  Onondaga. 

This  company  had  been  estabhshed  near  Syracuse  in 
March  1860  —  about  a  year,  therefore,  before  Dr. 
Goessmann's  appointment.  It  was  formed,  not  only 
for  the  purpose  of  uniting  the  interests  of  the  different 
manufacturers  of  Onondaga  salt,  but  in  order  to  secure 
a  more  thorough  and  systematic  management,  to  re- 
duce the  cost  of  manufacture,  and  to  improve  and  give 
uniformity  to  the  character  and  quality  of  Onondaga 
salt.  Such  a  co-operation  of  interests  under  a  single 
control  would  doubtless  now  be  stigmatized  as  a  mo- 
nopoly and  'trust.' 

'Regarding  as  of  the  utmost  importance  that  a  per- 
fectly pure  salt  should  be  furnished  for  the  use  of  all 
engaged  in  making  an  article  of  such  universal  use  as 
butter,  and  fully  appreciating  the  necessity  of  such 
perfect  uniformity  in  its  quality  as  to  command  the 
confidence  of  dairymen,  the  Salt  Company  of  Onon- 
daga has  placed  the  manufacture  of  its  Factory-filled 
Dairy  Salt  under  the  superintendence  of  an  accom- 
plished chemist,  who  has  for  several  years  past  made 
agricultural  and  manufacturing  chemistry  his  specialty, 

—  Dr.  C.  A.  Goessmann,  a  graduate  of,  and  for  some 
years  a  teacher  in  the  German  University  of  Gottingen, 

—  and  who  has  for  more  than  a  year  past  devoted  his 
entire  attention,  in  the  employment  of  this  company, 
to  the  improvement  of  the  processes  of  manufacturing 
salt.'^  The  claim  made  by  the  company,  of  making 
*the  best  Dairy  Salt  knoion  to  the  world,'  under  the  cir- 

*  Rejfort  qf  the  Salt  Company  of  Onondaga  for  1862. 


22      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

cumstances  was  probably  just;  at  least,  according  to 
Professor  Cook,  no  mean  authority,  it  was  fully  equal 
to  the  best  imported  salt.  This  statement  was  corrobo- 
rated by  Professor  Porter,  chemist  to  the  New  York 
State  Agricuiitural  Society,  who  said  it  was  equal  in 
purity  to  any  of  the  foreign  salts.  'Under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Dr.  Goessmann,'  said  a  leading  chemist  in 
1867,  *the  Salt  Company  of  Onondaga  has  succeeded 
in  making  the  best  Dairy  Salt  in  the  world.*  In  Goess- 
mann's  time  the  salt  works  at  Syracuse  produced  an- 
nually eight  million  bushels  of  salt. 

In  the  autumn  of  1862  he  was  sent  to  Michigan  to 
examine  the  brines  and  saline  deposits  at  Saginaw  — 
and  here  it  may  be  mentioned  that  eight  years  later, 
in  1870,  Dr.  Samuel  S.  Garrigues  of  Ann  Arbor,  state 
inspector  of  salt  and  a  former  Gottingen  student, 
visited  Dr.  Goessmann  at  Amherst,  and  together  they 
framed  the  salt  laws  of  Michigan. 

In  March  1866,  he  was  appointed  consulting  cor- 
respondent of  the  American  Bureau  of  Mines,  and  in 
October  of  that  year  was  commissioned  by  the  Board 
of  Experts  to  undertake  the  technical,  chemical,  and 
industrial  investigation  of  the  recently  discovered  rock- 
salt  deposit  of  Petite  Anse  Island,  New  Iberia,  on 
Vermilion  Bay,  Louisiana.  In  November  he  visited 
the  island,  where  he  remained  several  weeks,  studying 
the  natural  features,  conditions,  and  commercial  rela- 
tions of  its  rock-salt  deposit.  The  next  year  he  made 
two  visits  to  Canada,  the  first  in  the  latter  part  of 
June  and  the  second  the  last  of  December,  for  the 
purpose  of   ascertaining   the   extent   of   the   saline 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA  23 

resources  and  the  quality  of  the  brines,  especially  at 
Goderich. 

In  1862  he  published  his  first  paper  on  salines.  This, 
the  first  of  a  series  of  reports  to  the  State  Superintend- 
ent of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs  on  the  chemical  com- 
position of  the  brines,  was  followed  by  reports  on  the 
brines  of  Michigan,  Ohio,  Pennsylvania,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Nebraska,  Kansas,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee, 
on  the  rock-salt  deposit  of  Petite  Anse  Island,  on  the 
salt  resources  of  Goderich,  Canada  West,  and  by  other 
contributions  to  the  chemistry  of  mineral  springs  and 
natural  brines.  The  report  on  the  rock-salt  deposit  of 
Petite  Anse  Island  —  republished  at  Washington  in 
the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge  —  was 
pronoimced  by  Professor  Hilgard,  then  state  geologist 
of  Mississippi,  able  and  exhaustive,  and  confirmed 
that  author's  previous  conjectures  *that  the  overlying 
strata  were  the  equivalents  of  the  formation  described 
by  him  as  the  "  Orange  Sand"  of  Mississippi.* 

The  improvements  introduced  by  Goessmann  while 
superintendent  at  Onondaga,  in  the  manufacture  of 
pure  dairy  and  table  salt,  were  many  and  important. 
He  devised  an  ingenious  method  for  freeing  pure 
sodium  chloride,  in  the  manufacture  of  salt,  from  the 
chlorides  of  calcium  and  magnesium.  Previously  it  had 
been  impossible  effectually  to  remove  those  noxious 
and  deleterious  ingredients,  and  the  product  was  bitter 
and  unfit  for  either  table  or  dairy  use.  He  ladled  the 
crude  salt-crystals  from  the  brines  on  to  inclined  drip- 
boards,  and  then  washed  them  with  a  saturated  water 
solution  of  pure  salt  (sodium  chloride).   Such  a  solu- 


24      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

tion  does  not  dissolve  sodium  chloride,  but  being  free 
from  the  other  chlorides  (unsaturated  for  them)  it  dis- 
solved and  removes  them,  leaving  behind  pure  sodium 
chloride.  He  also  invented  a  process  for  screening  the 
salt,  whereby  it  is  separated  into  large  and  small  crys- 
tals. The  system  of  evaporating  in  pans,  as  recom- 
mended by  him,  was  also  adopted  in  the  salt-works  at 
Goderich,  Canada. 

Dr.  T.  Sterry  Hunt,  in  his  reports  as  director  of 
the  Geological  Survey  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada, 
expressed  his  *deep  sense  of  the  value  of  Dr.  Goess- 
mann's  important  contributions  to  the  chemistry  of 
salt-making  in  New  York.* 

Professor  John  S.  Newberry,  in  a  paper  on  the  rock- 
salt  deposits  of  the  Salina  Group  in  Western  New  York, 
read  before  the  New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  says: 
*The  unequal  distribution  of  the  "bitterns"  in  the 
brines  and  salt  of  different  localities  is  an  interesting 
feature  in  these  salt  deposits.  In  some  places  almost 
the  only  ingredient  of  the  brine  is  chloride  of  sodium, 
and  some  of  the  rock-salt,  as  we  have  seen,  is  almost 
chemically  pure;  in  other  locaKties,  perhaps  not  dis- 
tant, the  brine  or  the  salt  contains  an  abnormal  quan- 
tity of  the  chlorides  of  calcium  and  magnesium  and  the 
sulphate  of  magnesia  and  soda.  This  problem  has  been 
carefully  studied  by  Professor  Chas.  A.  Goessmann, 
and  he  has  suggested  what  is  doubtless  its  true  solu- 
tion, viz.,  that  in  the  progressive  evaporation  of  a  basin 
filled  with  water  having  the  normal  composition  of  sea- 
water,  the  substances  held  in  solution  will  be  precipi- 
tated in  the  inverse  order  of  their  solubility:  —  thus 


IN   THE   SVKAC  I  SK    I.AHOUATURY 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA  25 

sulphate  of  lime  (gypsum),  the  least  soluble  ingredient, 
will  be  the  first  thrown  down,  the  chloride  of  sodium 
next,  and  lastly,  if  at  all,  the  deliquescent  salts  which 
form  the  "  bitterns."  .  .  .  This  will  account  for  the  de- 
position of  gypsum,  of  pure  salt,  and  of  unusually  bitter 
salt,  in  different  parts  of  the  same  basin.' 

Facts  illustrating  this  distribution  of  the  solid  con- 
tent of  salt  water  were  reported  by  Goessmann  from 
the  salt-basin  of  the  Upper  Ohio,  and  similar  facts  have 
been  brought  to  light  in  boring  the  wells  about 
Goderich. 

A  few  months  after  Dr.  Goessmann  had  entered  on 
his  duties  at  Syracuse  he  was  strongly  urged  by  his 
friends  —  especially  by  Professor  Chandler,  then  at 
Union  College  —  to  accept  the  professorship  of  chem- 
istry in  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  Institute  at  Troy, 
which  had  recently  become  vacant  through  the  death 
of  Professor  Elderhorst.  In  a  letter  from  Professor 
Chandler  to  Vice-President  Brinsmade,  dated  Novem- 
ber 9,  1861,  touching  Goessmann,  he  says:  'When  I 
worked  as  a  pupil,  under  his  direction  in  Wohler's 
laboratory,  he  was  universally  beloved  by  the  students, 
and  was  a  model  of  all  that  is  desirable  in  a  teacher.* 
In  his  reply  to  a  letter  from  Dr.  Brinsmade,  Goessmann 
strongly  urged  the  desirability  of  a  thorough  course  of 
instruction  in  chemistry  and  also  submitted  plans  for 
a  chemical  laboratory.  For  two  years,  from  1862  to 
1864,  he  filled  the  chair  of  chemistry  and  physics  at 
the  Institute  and  taught  also  mineralogy.  He  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  Henry  B.  Nason,  a  former  pupil  at 
Gottinsren. 


26      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

Goessmann  gave  up  his  position  at  the  Institute  with 
evident  regret,  but  it  was  becoming  more  and  more 
difficult  to  discharge  properly  the  duties  of  both  posi- 
tions, and  he  could  hardly  aflFord  to  relinquish  Syracuse 
for  Troy.  In  a  letter  to  Professor  Drowne,  he  writes :  — 

'The  necessity  to  look  into  my  present  condition 
more  than  before,  for  an  advantageous  and  sure  in- 
come, has  mainly  prompted  me  to  decide  finally,  in 
view  of  many  circumstances,  for  Syracuse.  Just  at  the 
day  when  I  received  by  a  communication  from  W. 
Gurley,  Esq.,  the  information  of  my  appointment  as 
Professor,  etc.,  I  got  a  very  advantageous  offer  from 
Boston.  My  present  employers,  in  view  of  these  offers, 
advanced  my  salary  so  as  to  make  my  present  engage- 
ment more  acceptable.  I  have  here  a  well-supplied 
laboratory  at  my  entire  disposal,  being  permitted  to 
attend  to  any  kind  of  investigation  I  wish  to,  par- 
ticularly during  the  winter  season.* 

Dr.  Goessmann  now  foimd  himself  in  a  position  to 
marry.  On  22  October  1862,  he  married  Mary  Anna 
Clara,  daughter  of  Edward  Kinny  of  Syracuse.  Mr. 
Kinny  was  a  founder  of  the  Church  of  St.  John  the 
Evangelist,  and  a  charter  member  of  the  Society  of 
St.  Vincent  de  Paul.  Mrs.  Goessmann  was  educated 
in  the  private  schools  of  Syracuse  and  at  the  Academy 
of  Mount  Saint  Vincent-on-Hudson,  where  her  kins- 
woman, Mother  Angela  Hughes,  sister  of  the  Arch- 
bishop, was  then  in  charge.^ 

'  Mrs.  Goessmann  died  at  Amherst,  13  October  1911.  Their  surviving 
children  are  Miss  Helena  T.  and  Miss  Mary  F.  Goessmann  of  Amherst, 
Louis  E.  and  Charles  I.  Goessmann  of  New  York,  and  Mrs.  Agnes  R.  Spratt 
of  Brooklyn.  A  son,  Henry  Edward  Victor,  died  27  April  1882,  during  his 
junior  year  at  the  Agricultural  College. 


FIRST  YEARS  IN  AMERICA  27 

In  1863  Goessmann  received  a  letter  from  Wohler, 
saying  that  he  had  proposed  him  for  the  professorship 
of  technical  chemistry  in  the  HerzogHche  Technische 
Hochschule  (formerly  the  Collegium  Carolinum)  at 
Braunschweig,  and  he  knew  that  they  were  seriously 
considering  him  for  that  position,  though  a  decision 
might  not  be  reached  for  a  year.  This  was  yet  another 
evidence  of  Wohler's  high  regard,  and  was  very  grati- 
fying to  Goessmann. 

Goessmann  writes :  — 

*We  are  already  sufficiently  aware  that  political  af- 
fairs in  this  country  have  so  shaped  themselves  that 
the  future  is  not  promising.  Consequently,  my  desire 
to  return  to  the  Fatherland  under  favourable  condi- 
tions will  not  surprise  you.  How  much,  therefore,  I 
have  enjoyed  your  commimication  concerning  such  a 
prospect  needs  no  further  comment.  ...  As  for  the 
present,  I  am  still  engaged  here  for  this  year,  and  at  its 
close  I  may  possibly  receive  a  new  offer.  I  leave  here 
on  your  advice.  Things  will  go  on  as  they  are,  as  I  am 
looking  forward  to  a  definite  answer  from  you  in  the 
autumn.' 

Other  letters  passed  between  Wohler  and  Goess- 
mann on  the  subject  of  his  return  to  Germany,  before 
his  final  decision  to  remain  in  America. 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   CALL   TO   AMHERST 
1868-1882 

In  May  1868  Dr.  Goessmann  was  invited  by  the 
Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  to 
the  professorship  of  chemistry  recently  established  by 
them.  In  December  he  removed  to  Amherst  and 
entered  on  his  duties.  Henceforth  the  teaching  of 
chemistry,  research,  and  the  diffusion  of  science  in  its 
relation  to  agriculture,  became  the  absorbing  occupa- 
tions of  his  life. 

Some  years  before  the  election  of  William  S.  Clark 
to  the  presidency  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College  several  letters  had  passed  between  Goessmann 
and  his  old  friend  respecting  a  teaching  position  at 
Amherst.  In  a  letter  dated  June  10,  1865,  Colonel 
Clark  writes:  *How  would  you  like  to  teach  practical 
chemistry  or  to  be  connected  as  teacher  with  a  New 
England  college?'  Writing  nearly  two  years  later,  on 
March  16,  1867,  he  says:  'This  is  to  urgently  beg  you 
to  visit  me  here  in  the  month  of  May  next.  .  .  .  We  are 
about  starting  our  new  Agricultural  College  here  and 
possibly  may  have  work  for  you.'  And  again,  in 
November  following,^  he  writes:  'President  Stearns  [of 

*  A  few  months  earlier  Colonel  Clark  had  resigned  the  chair  of  chemistry 
at  Amherst  College  to  accept  the  presidency  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural College,  and  his  successor  had  not  yet  been  appointed. 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  29 

Amherst  College]  would  like  to  have  you  come  on 
here  next  week  that  he  may  see  you  with  reference  to 
lectures,  etc.  next  term.' 

Dr.    Goessmann's    letter    accepting    the   Amherst 
Professorship  runs  as  follows:  — 

Syracuse,  May  16th,  1868. 

Colonel  W.  S.  Clark,  Ph.D. 

President  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 
Amherst,  Mass. 
Dear  Sir,  — 

Your  favour  of  13th  inst.,  in  which  you  announce  to 
me  my  election  as  Professor  of  Chemistry  in  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College  at  Amherst,  came  in  due 
time  to  hand.  I  take  the  liberty  of  informing  you,  that 
I  hereby  accept  that  position  on  the  conditions  speci- 
fied in  your  letter.  I  add  at  the  same  time,  that  I  shall 
attend  most  cheerfully  to  my  duties  and  thereby  in 
my  opinion  aid  you  best  in  accomplishing  the  object 
for  which  your  institute  has  been  established.  As  soon 
as  the  present  pressure  in  business  shall  permit  me  to 
settle  upon  an  exact  time  for  a  visit  at  Amherst,  —  to 
consult  on  fixtures  and  apparatus,  etc.,  for  my  partic- 
ular branch  of  instruction,  I  propose  to  write  again. 
Please  accept  my  most  sincere  thanks  for  the  kind 
interest  taken  in  my  behalf.  I  remain. 
Very  respectfully  yours, 

Charles  Anton  Goessmann. 

He  was  forty-one.    President  Clark  thus  describes 
him:  'The  other  professor  [Goessmann]  is  not  here. 


30      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

He  is  coming  on  Friday.  I  am  very  sorry  he  could  not 
be  here  to-day,  for  I  would  like  to  have  you  see  him. 
He  is  a  hearty,  full-blooded,  wide-awake,  nervous 
German.  I  will  not  compare  him  with  Agassiz,  but  I 
will  say  he  is  a  man  of  a  temperament  something  like 
his.  We  were  fellow-students  in  a  German  university 
twenty  years  ago,  and  he  was  one  of  the  best  students 
of  his  time.  When  we  graduated  together,  the  profes- 
sor came  to  me  and  said:  "What  do  you  think  of  that 
young  man  as  an  assistant  for  me?  "  "I  think  he  is  the 
very  best  man  you  can  find."  Said  he,  "  I  think  just 
so,"  and  immediately  appointed  him  his  assistant.  That 
professor  is  the  best  chemist  in  the  world.  ...  I  know 
there  is  not  a  better  practical  chemist  in  the  United 
States  than  Dr.  Goessmann.  I  anticipate  that  he  will 
be  a  light  in  this  country,  right  here  among  this  people, 
and  that  scientific  investigations  and  experiments  will 
be  carried  on  under  his  supervision  here,  by  the  stu- 
dents of  this  College,  which  will  redound  to  the  credit 
of  the  State,  and  to  the  credit  of  this  Board,  as  con- 
nected with  the  College.'  ^ 

Elsewhere,  he  says:  *His  large  experience  as  a 
teacher,  and  his  great  familiarity  with  the  applications 
of  chemistry  to  the  arts,  qualify  him,  in  a  peculiar 
manner,  for  the  important  position  of  chemist  in  the 
Agricultural  College.  It  is  confidently  expected  that, 
imder  his  supervision,  analyses  of  commercial  fertil- 
izers will  be  made,  and  suitable  experiments  instituted, 

>  Address  by  President  Clark  on  the  'Work  and  the  Wants  of  the  Col- 
lege,' before  the  State  Board  of  Agrictilture,  meeting  at  Amherst,  Decem- 
ber 8.  1868. 


CHARI.KS   A.   (;<)K: 

Al.out  1>" 


vMANN 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  31 

to  determine  for  what  purposes  and  at  what  prices  the 
farmers  of  the  State  should  employ  them.'  ^ 

*I  know  of  his  work  as  a  scientific  chemist,'  said 
Professor  Agassiz,  'and  I  do  not  believe  that  you  could 
have  had  a  better  appointment.  I  believe  that  the 
gentleman  is  not  only  fully  competent  to  fulfil  his 
duties  with  honour  to  the  institution  and  credit  to  him- 
self, but  I  believe  he  is  one  of  those  men  who  will 
advance  his  science  also,  if  he  is  not  overburdened  with 
local  duties  and  with  teaching.  He  is  a  foreigner.  .  .  . 
It  is  not  a  very  dangerous  thing  to  take  professors  from 
foreign  parts.  I  am  such  an  one,  and  I  have  in  a  measure 
succeeded  in  making  myself  a  native  American.' 

The  duties  of  the  new  professorship  included  teach- 
ing 'four  hours  per  day  five  days  in  the  week  during 
39  weeks  of  the  year.  Also,  to  render  assistance  by 
chemical  analysis  or  consultation,  as  required,  to  the 
amount  of  about  one  hour  per  day,  if  needed.'  'I 
shall  expect  of  course,'  says  President  Clark,  'to  do 
what  I  can  to  render  your  duties  agreeable  and  shall 
rely  much  upon  you  for  advice  and  assistance  in  the 
most  important  enterprise  with  which  I  am  entrusted. 
I  intend  to  have  the  chemical  department  of  the  Col- 
lege equal  to  any  in  the  country.' 

The  College  had  but  just  started.  It  was,  moreover, 
an  experiment  and  was  feeling  its  way.  A  department 
of  chemistry  could  hardly  be  said  to  exist.  There  was, 
to  be  sure,  a  modest  building  called  the  Chemical 
Laboratory,  but  it  possessed  neither  apparatus  nor 

*  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Mattachutetts  Agricultural  College,  Janu- 
ary 1869. 


32       CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

fittings  nor  furniture,  and  was  used  as  a  gymnasium. 
Dr.  Goessmann  entered  on  his  duties  with  zeal,  devot- 
ing himself  to  the  improvement  of  the  equipment  for 
both  demonstration  and  research,  and  to  the  organiza- 
tion of  courses  of  lectures  and  laboratory  instruction. 
He  not  only  organized  and  established  this  department 
on  a  firm  and  enduring  basis,  laying  the  foundation 
broad  and  deep,  but  from  the  first  he  stamped  his  in- 
fluence and  personahty  on  the  structural  growth  of  the 
College,  and  was  a  guiding  and  controlling  spirit  in 
shaping  its  policy.  The  reputation  which  the  institu- 
tion attained,  almost  from  the  beginning,  was  in  large 
measure  due  to  him.  His  lectures  were  not  only  in- 
structive,, but  inspiring,  and  not  a  few  of  his  students 
remember  him  with  affection  and  respect  as  the  most 
stimulating  influence  in  their  intellectual  life.  For 
fifteen  years  he  gave  unaided  all  the  instruction  in 
chemistry  and  chemical  physics,  both  in  the  classroom 
and  the  laboratory.  It  was  not  until  1884,  two  years 
after  the  Experiment  Station  had  been  regularly  organ- 
ized, that  an  assistant  professorship  was  established, 
thus  relieving  him  of  much  tutorial  work  and  some 
other  college  duties.  He  continued,  however,  to  lec- 
ture to  the  Senior  Class  on  the  chemistry  of  fertil- 
izers, the  commercial  industries,  and  on  organic 
chemistry. 

Agassiz  had  insisted  that  there  should  be  more  than 
one  professor  of  chemistry,  so  that  each  should  have 
some  time  to  make  investigations;  'for  believe  me,' 
he  says,  *the  professor  who  is  exhausted  by  teaching 
cannot  even  learn  what  others  do  to  keep  up  with  the 


THE  CALL  TO  AIVIHERST  33 

times,  still  less  contribute  to  the  advancement  of 
knowledge  in  his  science.'  Fortunately  Agassiz's  fears 
proved  to  be  groundless.  Goessmann's  sturdy  indus- 
try and  scientific  activity  were  enormous,  and  the 
yearly  output  of  the  Chemical  Department  in  contri- 
butions far  exceeded  that  of  all  the  others.  Chemical 
work  was  always  in  progress  in  some  form.  It  should 
be  remembered,  too,  that  all  the  time  he  carried  on  a 
large  and  exacting  correspondence  with  promptness, 
read  papers,  delivered  public  lectures,  and  attended  to 
the  analytical  work  of  his  private  laboratory. 

His  first  year  at  Amherst  was  marked  by  two  highly 
interesting  and  instructive  papers.  The  first  of  these, 
*0n  the  Chemistry  of  Common  Salt  with  Reference 
to  our  Home  Resources,'  was  read  at  the  Northampton 
session  of  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences.  The 
second,  'On  Salt  and  its  Uses  in  Agriculture,'  deliv- 
ered before  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture, was  his  earliest  paper  on  fertilization  and  may  be 
considered,  with  one  exception,  his  first  direct  contri- 
bution to  agricultural  chemistry.  He  also  found  time 
during  that  busy  year  to  revise  Scheerer's  Blowpipe 
Manual^  for  use  at  the  College. 

Li  his  letters  to  President  Clark,  Goessmann  had 
insisted  on  the  importance  of  experimental  research, 
and  in  December  of  1869  he  proposed  a  series  of  experi- 
ments *to  determine  the  comparative  merits  of  the 
various  sugar-producing  plants  —  maple,  sorghum, 
cane,  and  sugar-beet  —  raised  upon  our  own  soil.' 
These  were  the  earliest  field  experiments  conducted  at 
the  College.  Early  in  1870  he  procured  from  Germany 


34      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

seeds  of  the  thirteen  best  varieties  of  sugar-beets  culti- 
vated in  Saxony  and  Prussia,  and  showed  by  trial 
those  best  adapted  to  our  soil  and  climate  for  the  pro- 
duction of  sugar  and  syrup  from  the  root.  These  ex- 
periments were  carried  out  between  1870  and  1874, 
and  appear  to  have  been  the  first  scientific  experiments 
in  sugar-beet  culture  in  this  coimtry. 

The  reports^  constitute  an  important  contribution 
to  agricultural  literature.  At  the  time  they  attracted 
wide  attention,  both  in  this  country  and  Canada,  lead- 
ing to  similar  experiments  under  his  direction  in  New 
York  and  the  Dominion,  the  latter  at  the  request  of 
the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture  and 
Public  Works,  with  reference  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
sugar-beet  throughout  the  Province  of  Quebec.  He 
demonstrated  conclusively  that  the  beet-sugar  indus- 
try, which  has  added  so  largely  to  the  wealth  of  France 
and  Germany,  can  be  profitably  pursued  in  the  north- 
ern states  of  North  America  and  Canada;  and  that  it  is 
possible  to  grow  beets  of  high  sugar  content  in  Massa- 
chusetts upon  well-drained  mellow  loams  (a  rich,  first- 
class  barley  soil)  when  proper  attention  is  given  to 
fertilization  and  cultivation. 

In  1870  the  American  Chemist  was  launched  by 
Charles  F.  and  William  H.  Chandler,  with  the  assist- 
ance of  several  leading  chemists,  among  whom  were 
Alsberg,  Barker,  Bolton,  Egleston,  Joy,  and  Goess- 
ma,nn.  During  the  few  years  of  its  existence  Goessmann 
was  a  regular  contributor  to  its  pages. 

*  'The  report,'  says  a  writer  in  the  Scientific  American,  'is  one  of  the 
most  valuable  contributions  to  agricultural  science  that  has  been  made  in 
our  country,  and  reflects  great  credit  upon  its  author.' 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  35 

In  January  1873  he  printed  an  exhaustive  paper  on 
'Commercial  Fertilizers/  Able  and  full  of  valuable 
facts  and  suggestions,  it  was  pronounced  the  most  im- 
portant essay  on  that  subject  which  had  yet  appeared 
in  this  country.  One  of  the  immediate  results  of  the 
discussion  induced  by  this  report  was  the  enactment  of 
a  law  —  the  first  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States  — 
regulating  their  manufacture  and  sale;  or,  in  the  trench- 
ant language  of  Goessmann,  its  author,  the  object  of 
the  law  is  to  compel  the  dealers  in  these  articles  *to 
state  what  they  sell  and  to  sell  what  they  state,*  This  law 
for  fertilizer  control,  compelling  commercial  manures 
to  be  sold  according  to  a  guaranteed  composition  to  be 
ascertained  by  chemical  analysis,  thereby  protecting 
the  honest  dealer  and  manufacturer  as  well  as  the 
farmer,  revolutionized  the  fertilizer  trade  of  the  coun- 
try, and  served  as  the  model  and  inspiration  for  all 
subsequent  legislation  of  the  kind  in  other  states.  For 
thirty-five  years  Dr.  Goessmann  was  charged  with  the 
administration  and  execution  of  this  law  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Early  in  the  year  he  had  been  appointed  Chemist 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture.  With 
the  passage  of  the  fertilizer  law,  he  became  ex  officio  a 
member  of  the  Board  and  State  Lispector  of  Fertil- 
izers. One  of  the  duties  of  the  State  Lispector  was  to 
make  an  annual  report  to  the  Board  of  Agriculture. 
Professor  Julius  A.  Stockhardt  of  Saxony,  the  distin- 
guished agricultural  chemist,  closes  his  review  of 
Goessmann's  first  report  on  commercial  fertilizers  as 
follows:  'There  can  be  no  doubt  that  in  America 


36      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

satisfactory  and  reliable  fertilizers  can  be  obtained, 
as  they  were  in  Germany,  by  strictly  adhering  to 
the  chemical  control  adopted,  and  by  providing  for 
chemistry  what  it  needs  for  efficient  work  —  both 
confidence  and  ample  means.'  Professor  At  water 
called  the  report  a  very  valuable  pamphlet  upon  the 
sources  of  supply  and  quality  of  the  more  important 
fertilizing  materials  used  in  Massachusetts. 

*  Stable-manure,'  says  Goessmann  in  this  report, 
*is  still  the  main  fertilizer  in  ordinary  farm  operations, 
yet  its  peculiar  value  to-day  rests  more  on  its  beneficial 
influence  on  the  physical  condition  of  the  soil  than  on 
its  effect  on  the  chemical  composition  of  the  latter.' 
By  a  tabular  statement  of  the  ingredients  he  shows 
that,  although  the  most  complex  of  our  common  fer- 
tilizers, it  is  a  complete  manure  only  in  exceptional 
cases,  and  that  the  permanent  improvement  of  the 
soil  depends  almost  entirely  upon  the  introduction  of 
other  substances,  such  as  the  guanos  and  phosphates. 

'All  friends  of  the  College,'  said  President  Clark  of 
the  second  report,  'ought  to  be  grateful  for  the  pro- 
duction of  a  paper  which  combines  most  happily  scien- 
tific knowledge  with  practical  wisdom.'  Hon.  Marshall 
P.  Wilder  declared,  that  these  two  reports  were  *  worth 
more  to  the  Commonwealth  than  all  that  had  been 
expended  for  the  maintenance  of  the  Board  since  its 
first  organization.'  Among  the  well-known  members 
of  the  Board  of  Agriculture  at  that  time  were  Louis 
Agassiz,  William  S.  Clark,  Charles  L.  Flint,  Charles  G. 
Davis,  WilUam  Knowlton,  George  B.  Loring,  Charles 
S.  Sargent,  Levi  Stockbridge,  Joseph  N.  Sturtevant, 


THE  CALL  TO  AI^IHERST  •    37 

and  Marshall  P.  Wilder.  A  year  later  Paul  A.  Chad- 
bourne  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  in  the  Board 
occasioned  by  the  death  of  Agassiz.  Standing  pre- 
eminent among  the  technical  and  agricultural  chem- 
ists of  the  country,  Goessmann  was  the  pride  of  the 
Board,  as  Hitchcock  and  Agassiz  had  been  before  him, 
and  from  1874  till  his  death  he  was  one  of  its  most 
distinguished  members  and  the  principal  contributor 
to  its  reports. 

In  1874  Goessmann  began  a  systematic  investiga- 
tion, extending  over  six  years,  of  the  chemical  and 
physical  condition  of  the  salt  marshes  of  the  State, 
especially  above  the  mouth  of  Green  Harbor  River 
in  the  town  of  Marshfield,  and  showed  the  best  method 
of  reclaiming  and  subduing  them  and  making  them 
available  for  tillage.  His  reports  upon  the  composition 
of  the  soil  and  beach  sand  at  Marshfield,  and  the  chem- 
ical changes  occurring  as  the  result  of  diking,  resulted 
within  a  short  time  in  the  reclamation  of  large  tracts 
of  a  similar  character  with  those  under  experiment  at 
Green  Harbor.  The  same  year  he  made  a  thorough 
examination  and  trial  for  agricultural  purposes  of  the 
South  Carolina  phosphates,  both  in  the  raw  state  and 
after  treatment  with  acids.  In  1876  and  the  two  fol- 
lowing years  experiments  with  various  fertilizers  upon 
sugar-cane  were  carried  out  under  his  direction  at 
Calumet  Plantation,  Bayou  Teche,  Louisiana. 

While  Robert  Koch  was  pursuing  his  researches  upon 
the  bacillus  of  tuberculosis,  Goessmann,  assisted  by 
Penhallow,  was  studying  the  relation  of  special  fertil- 
izers to  certain  diseases  of  plants,  hitherto  supposed 


38      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

to  be  parasitic  in  origin.  He  maintained  that  the  dis- 
ease of  peach  trees  known  as  '  the  yellows '  was  due  to 
impaired  nutrition,  and  that  after  treatment  with  a 
phosphatic  fertilizer  in  connexion  with  potassium 
chloride  they  become  vigorous  and  healthy. 

During  the  Centennial  Exposition  at  Philadelphia 
one  of  the  French  Commissioners  visited  the  College 
vineyards  at  Amherst,  then  under  treatment  with 
special  fertilizers  for  the  Phylloxera,  and  observed  that 
nowhere  had  he  seen  more  vigorous  vines  or  better 
developed  fruit,  expressing  surprise  that  such  should 
be  the  case.  *  We  feed  the  vines  and  the  Phylloxera 
too,'  said  Dr.  Goessmann  in  reply;  'the  excessive 
supply  of  food  to  the  vines  giving  them  a  stimula- 
tion which  enables  them  to  resist  successfully  the 
effects  of  the  parasite.' 

Between  1874  and  1876,  with  his  able  assistant, 
David  P.  Penhallow,  he  investigated  the  physiological 
effect  of  special  chemical  fertilizers  upon  the  carbo- 
hydrate content  of  various  fruit-bearing  plants  and 
the  quality  of  the  fruit.  He  studied  especially  the  be- 
haviour of  certain  wild  and  cultivated  grape-vines 
under  the  influence  of  different  fertilizing  agents, 
whereby  the  amount  of  acid,  sugar,  and  ether  in  the 
fruit  may  be  increased  or  modified  and  the  formation 
of  the  aromatic  principles  peculiar  to  the  species  pro- 
moted even  to  the  flavour  of  the  fruit  and  the  bouquet 
of  wines.  He  found  also  *that  the  colouring  matter 
which  is  characteristic  of  the  ripe  grape  is  already,  in 
some  concealed  form,  present  at  a  very  early  stage  of 
its  growth.'   These  experiments  on  the  relation  of  the 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  39 

mineral  constituents  of  plants  to  the  growth  of  the 
organs  of  vegetation  —  that  is,  the  changes  in  their 
chemical  composition  duriag  growth  —  and  the  qual- 
ity and  ripening  of  fruits,  he  considered  of  great  im- 
portance, as  they  might  enable  us  to  modify  at  will  the 
relative  proportions  of  acid,  sugar,  and  ether  in  our 
fruits,  and,  thereby,  produce  practically  new  varieties 
of  superior  quality  and  market  value. 

Goessmann  co-operated  also  with  President  Clark 
and  Professor  Peabody  in  the  study  of  the  circulation 
and  flow  of  sap  in  plants;  with  Professor  Stockbridge 
in  the  study  of  special  fertilization  and  the  behaviour 
of  soil  waters;  and  with  Professor  Maynard  in  a  series 
of  field  experiments  with  grape-vines  and  various  fruit 
trees,  extending  over  several  years,  for  the  purpose  of 
testing  the  action  of  different  kinds  of  plant-food  on 
their  productiveness  in  the  quantity  and  quality  of  the 
fruit.  In  1878  he  pubUshed  an  interesting  paper  on  the 
effect  of  girdling  upon  the  growth,  composition,  and 
quahty  of  grapes,  proving  conclusively  that  those 
growing  on  properly  girdled  branches  ripen  much 
earUer  than  those  on  ungirdled  branches.  During  those 
busy  years  he  found  time  to  write  several  articles, 
chiefly  on  beet  and  cane-sugar,  fertilizers,  and  salt,  for 
Johnson's  New  Universal  Cyclopaedia,  for  many  years 
the  standard  work  of  its  kind  in  America. 

In  January  1878,  with  the  approval  of  the  Trustees, 
the  Massachusetts  Experimental  Station  was  estab- 
lished at  Amherst,  Professor  Stockbridge  having  gen- 
erously offered  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  to  de- 
fray the  necessary  expenses  of  agricultural  experiments 


40      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

for  one  year.  This,  although  merely  a  private  enter- 
prise, was  the  forerunner  of  the  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural Experiment  Station  established  by  act  of  the 
legislature  four  years  later,  and  of  its  successor,  the 
Hatch  Station.  It  should  be  remembered,  however, 
that  an  experiment  station,  having  as  its  aim  system- 
atic research  for  the  improvement  of  agriculture  and 
the  dissemination  of  practical  knowledge  relating 
thereto,  had  existed  at  the  College  —  in  fact,  if  not  in 
name  —  since  1870.  For  eight  years  the  Chemical 
Department  had  been  conducting  the  work  of  an 
experiment  station,  and  Dr.  Goessmann's  extensive 
experiments  in  sugar-beet  culture,  and  the  published 
results  of  that  memorable  investigation  were  its  first 
fruits. 

As  pointed  out  by  Penhallow,  the  scientific  observa- 
tions of  Clark,  Goessmann,  and  Stockbridge  from  1870 
to  1876  constituted  the  real  beginning  of  the  Station 
and  gave  a  powerful  impetus  to  a  movement  which  has 
since  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  similar  stations 
throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Looking 
back  on  those  early  years  one  marvels  at  their  produc- 
tiveness, at  the  scope  and  quality  of  the  work,  and  all 
the  more  as  little  or  no  provision  then  existed  for  meet- 
ing the  necessary  expenses  of  such  operations. 

The  value  of  agricultural  experiment  stations  had 
long  been  recognized  in  Europe.  As  early  as  1836  Jean- 
Baptiste  Boussingault  was  conducting,  at  Bechelbronn 
in  Alsace,  his  noted  experiments  with  stock-feeding  to 
test  the  efficiency  of  fodder  rations.  Seven  years  later, 
in  1843,  John  Bennet  Lawes  established  at  Rotham- 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  41 

sted,  near  London,  his  world-famous  model  station 
for  the  investigation  of  problems  relating  to  plant- 
nutrition.  It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that 
Lawes  had  been  experimenting  since  1834,  and  hence 
the  Rothamsted  Station  has  been  called  the  oldest 
agricultural  station  in  the  world.  Li  1849  Emil  Wolff 
foimded  at  Mockem  in  Saxony  the  first  agricultural 
station  in  Germany,  and  by  1876  there  were  no  fewer 
than  sixty-two  such  stations  in  successful  operation  in 
the  German  Empire.  The  first  agricultural  experiment 
station  in  America  was  established  at  Middletown  in 
1875,  in  the  chemical  laboratory  of  Wesleyan  Univer- 
sity. The  Massachusetts  station  was  among  the  earli- 
est —  if  not  the  earliest  —  to  be  associated  with  a 
land-grant  college,  and  the  second  —  the  Connecticut 
station  at  New  Haven,  established  in  1877,  being  the 
first  —  to  be  incorporated  in  the  United  States.  But 
it  should  not  be  forgotten  that  field  and  feeding  experi- 
ments were  carried  on  in  the  sixties  at  both  the  Michi- 
gan and  the  Pennsylvania  State  Colleges  —  at  the 
former  by  Robert  C.  Kedzie  and  Manly  Miles,  at  the 
latter  by  Evan  Pugh,  then  fresh  from  Rothamsted  and 
the  first  president  and  professor  of  chemistry  of  the 
Pennsylvania  State  College. 

The  Trustees,  gladly  accepting  the  gift  of  Professor 
Stockbridge,  at  once  appointed  a  committee  —  con- 
sisting of  President  Clark,  Professor  Stockbridge, 
Professor  Goessmann,  Secretary  Flint,  and  Hon. 
Richard  Goodman  —  with  full  power  to  act  as  the 
managers  of  the  station. 

Subjects  for  scientific  observation  and  investigation 


42      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

were  now  assigned  to  Professor  Stockbridge  and  Pro- 
fessor Goessmann,  respectively,  the  results  of  which 
appeared  in  the  next  annual  report  of  the  College. 
Those  assigned  to  Professor  Stockbridge  included 
observations  on  rainfall,  percolation  and  evaporation 
of  water  from  the  soil,  temperature  of  soil  and  air, 
deposition  of  dew  on  the  soil  and  plant.  Dr.  Goess- 
mann undertook  an  examination  of  the  Early  Amber 
Cane,  —  a  variety  of  sorghum  produced  in  Minnesota, 
—  its  sugar  constituents,  and  the  practical  method  of 
working  the  crop.  His  experiments  seemed  to  show 
conclusively  that  this  variety  of  sorghum  cannot  be 
profitably  cultivated  in  Massachusetts  for  the  produc- 
tion of  dry  sugar,  though  the  yield  and  quality  of  the 
syrup  were  satisfactory. 

The  problems  relating  to  the  nutrition  of  plants  had 
long  occupied  Goessmann's  thought.  He  now  turned 
his  attention  more  particularly  to  those  of  animal 
nutrition  or  the  chemical  relations  which  exist  between 
animal  life  and  animal  food.  His  earliest  investigation 
in  this  field  was  on  the  relative  value  of  several  varie- 
ties of  corn  for  feeding  purposes,  and  the  results  and 
conclusions  reached  were  embodied  in  two  papers  read 
before  the  Board  of  Agriculture  in  1879  and  1882. 
These  experiments,  and  others  of  a  similar  character, 
extending  over  a  series  of  y-ears,  were  undertaken  in 
order  to  determine  the  eflBciency  and  feeding-value  of 
the  various  kinds  of  fodder-crops  and  substances  and 
thereby  to  establish  a  rational  system  of  stock-feeding. 

On  the  12th  of  May  1882,  by  act  of  the  Legislature, 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Experiment  Station 


THE  CALL  TO  AMHERST  43 

was  established  at  Amherst  for  the  scientific  investi- 
gation of  problems  relating  to  agriculture.  The  Board 
of  Control  of  the  new  station  organized  for  work  in 
July,  and  in  November  Dr.  Goessmann  was  appointed 
Director  and  Chemist.  From  1888  to  1895  he  was 
ex  officio  a  member  of  the  Board,  and  from  1892  to  1895 
Treasurer  of  the  Station.  Li  1895  the  Massachusetts 
Station  became  merged  in  the  so-called  Hatch  Experi- 
ment Station  of  the  College,  and  he  retired  from  the 
directorship  with  the  title  of  Honorary  Director,  and 
was  placed  in  charge  of  the  chemical-fertilizer  and 
fertUizer-control  work,  a  position  he  filled  until  his 
retirement  in  1907.  Happily,  the  'Hatch'  has  since 
been  dropped  and  the  earlier  and  more  euphonious 
name  restored. 

Li  the  early  years  Professor  Manly  Miles  and  Pro- 
fessor Samuel  T.  Maynard  were  associated  with  Dr. 
Goessmann  in  the  work  of  the  Station  —  the  former  as 
superintendent  of  field  and  stock  experiments,  the 
latter  as  superintendent  of  horticultural  experiments, 
microscopist,  and  draughtsman.  Li  1888  Dr.  James  E. 
Humphrey  was  appointed  vegetable  physiologist  and 
mycologist,  and  in  1892  Dr.  Joseph  B.  Lindsey  became 
associate  chemist.  These  investigators  contributed 
many  papers  in  various  lines  of  research  to  the  bulle- 
tins and  annual  reports  of  the  Director. 


CHAPTER  IV 

INVESTIGATIONS   AT   THE   COLLEGE 

WoHLER  and  his  co-workers  had  mspired  young 
Goessmann  with  the  spirit  of  investigation.  He  had 
not  been  at  the  College  long  before  he  began  a  study  of 
Massachusetts  agriculture,  and  the  application  of 
chemistry  thereto.  During  his  long  period  of  service 
he  investigated  a  large  number  of  agricultural  prob- 
lems, the  more  important  of  which  are  referred  to 
in  the  pages  which  follow. 

I.    PRODUCTION   OF  BEET   SUGAR   IN  MASSACHUSETTS 

First  Paper.  Report  on  the  production  of  beet  sugar 
as  an  agricultural  enterprise  in  Massachusetts.  {Eighth 
Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  1871.) 

In  this  paper  he  called  attention  to  the  large  amount 
of  sugar  imported  into  the  United  States,  reviewed 
briefly  the  sugar-cane  industry  of  Louisiana,  and  then 
gave  a  most  instructive  account  of  the  entire  method  of 
sugar-beet  cultivation  and  manufacture  in  Europe  and 
of  the  general  condition  of  the  European  sugar  indus- 
try. He  declared  that  the  success  of  the  beet-sugar 
industry  in  the  United  States  depended,  first,  on  a 
careful  selection  of  superior  seeds  of  the  best  foreign 
varieties,  and  subsequently  of  the  choicest  seed  beets; 
and,  secondly,  on  the  proper  choice  of  lands  which  are 
not  only  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  root-crops  in 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    45 

general,  but  are  in  such  a  state  of  fertility  as  to  enable 
the  farmer  to  supply  the  kind  and  amount  of  plant- 
food  required  for  the  production  of  a  special  crop  for  a 
special  purpose/ 

In  an  appendix  to  the  report  are  presented  photo- 
graphs and  weights  of  different  varieties  of  beets  grown 
upon  the  College  farm  and  the  sugar  content  of  the 
same. 

Second  Paper.  Report  on  sugar  beets  raised  upon 
the  College  farm.  {Ninth  Report  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College^  1872.) 

This  paper  gave  the  results  of  his  own  experiments 
in  the  field  and  laboratory  along  three  distinct  lines: 
(a)  methods  for  producing  good  sugar  beets  in  accord- 
ance with  the  rules  stated  in  his  previous  report;  (6)  a 
study  of  the  chemical  properties  of  the  sugar  beets 
grown  on  the  College  farm,  with  reference  to  their  fit- 
ness for  beet-sugar  manufacture;  and  (c)  a  study  by 
actual  tests  of  the  amount  of  sugar  available  for  com- 
mercial purposes. 

The  paper  described  in  detail  the  selection  of  soil, 
method  of  planting,  care  of  the  crop  during  the  growing 
period,  and  method  of  fertilization.  He  also  discussed 
the  effect  of  potash  salts  on  the  basis  of  German  inves- 
tigations. He  further  presented  data  relative  to  the 
weights  of  the  different  varieties  of  beets  grown  upon 
the  College  farm  and  their  sugar  content  at  different 
stages  of  growth;  also  the  amount  of  nitrogenous  sub- 
stance and  ash  contained  in  the  juices.  In  the  process 
of  extracting  the  sugar  he  followed,  on  a  small  scale. 


46      CHAKLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

the  method  in  use  at  the  time  in  foreign  beet-sugar  fac- 
tories for  the  removal  of  the  sugar,  and  found  that 
substantially  1,900  pounds  could  be  secured  from  an 
average  acre  of  beets.  He  stated  that,  if  the  same 
equipment  were  available  as  employed  in  foreign  sugar 
factories,  he  believed  that  beets  raised  in  Massachu- 
setts could  be  made  to  yield  as  high  as  2,270  pounds  of 
sugar  per  acre,  the  amount  under  favourable  conditions 
then  secured  in  Germany.  His  object  in  conducting 
these  experiments  was  to  demonstrate  that  by  follow- 
ing the  methods  of  cultivation  then  in  vogue  in  Ger- 
many and  France  it  was  perfectly  feasible  to  develop 
the  sugar-beet  industry  in  Massachusetts. 

In  the  Tenth  Report  of  the  College  John  C.  Dillon,  the 
farm  superintendent,  gives  an  illustrated  description 
of  the  machinery,  imported  from  Germany  under  the 
advice  of  Goessmann  for  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar 
beet,  which  included  a  beet  planter,  several  beet  culti- 
vators, and  a  beet  digger. 

Third  Paper.  Report  on  experiments  with  sugar 
beets.  {Eleventh  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural College^  1874.)  The  paper  was  devoted  to  the  re- 
sults of  four  field  experiments  with  beets  conducted  on 
the  College  grounds,  and  also  in  New  York  State  and 
in  Canada. 

In  Experiment  I,  roots  of  the  Vilmorin  and  Electoral 
varieties  were  grown  upon  land  which  had  produced  a 
crop  of  beets  the  previous  season,  and  which  received 
as  a  special  fertilizer  kainit  and  bone  superphosphate. 
The  seed  was  collected  and  the  next  year  planted  on 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    47 

suitable  land  properly  fertilized.  The  juice  from  the 
beets  contained  some  14  per  cent,  cane  sugar,  and  the 
beets  were  equal  to  the  best  thus  far  produced  at  the 
College. 

In  Experiment  11,  100  pounds  of  beet  seed  were 
imported  from  Saxony.  Four  acres  of  beets  were 
planted  from  this  seed  on  the  College  farm.  Ten  pounds 
of  the  same  seed  were  sent  to  the  New  York  Agricul- 
tural Society  and  planted  by  six  farmers  in  dilSferent 
parts  of  the  state.  Samples  of  the  beets  grown  were 
sent  to  Goessmann,  who  found  the  juice  to  contain  all 
the  way  from  7.37  to  15.10  per  cent,  of  sugar.  The 
wide  variations  he  believed  to  be  due  to  the  method 
of  fertilization.  Highly  nitrogenous  manure,  or  the 
appHcation  of  partly  decomposed  stable-manure  in 
the  spring,  was  considered  particularly  objectionable, 
causing  an  increase  in  the  amount  of  impurity  in 
the  juice  and  preventing  a  favourable  development  of 
the  sugar.  He  stated  that  a  satisfactory  juice  should 
not  contain  over  one  part  of  impurity  to  five  parts 
of  sugar.  He  laid  particular  stress  upon  planting  the 
beets  in  deep  mellow  loams  that  had  not  been  too 
heavily  manured.  The  application  of  well-rotted  stable 
manure  in  the  spring,  or  preferably  the  year  previous 
to  planting  the  beets,  was  advised,  and  supplementing 
the  same  with  sulphate  of  potash  and  superphosphate. 

Experiment  HI  was  conducted  on  the  College  farm. 
He  found  fresh  horse-manure  to  be  quite  unfavourable 
to  the  development  of  cane  sugar.  Land  that  had  re- 
ceived stable  manure  two  years  previously,  and  that 
recei^^ng  sulphate  of  potash,  produced  beets  containing 


48      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

the  highest  percentages  of  sugar  (12.19  and  12.78  per 
cent). 

Experiment  IV  gives  the  results  of  tests  made  by 
Goessmann  of  beets  grown  in  Canada  under  the  super- 
vision of  the  Canadian  Department  of  Agriculture. 
The  sugar  percentage  varied  from  8.83  to  11.38.  He 
concluded  that  a  stricter  compliance  with  the  well- 
endorsed  rules  of  cultivation  will,  no  doubt,  produce 
a  higher  and  thus  a  satisfactory  quality  of  sugar  beets 
in  both  localities. 

Fourth  Paper.  On  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar  beet 
for  the  manufacture  of  sugar.  {Agriculture  of  Massa- 
chusetts, 1879.) 

Professor  Goessmann  presented  a  comprehensive 
paper,  giving  the  results  of  his  experiments  with  sugar 
at  the  College  and  also  a  review  of  the  best  methods  of 
sugar-beet  cultivation,  manufactm-e,  and  utilization 
of  by-products  which  were  employed  in  Europe  at  that 
time.  His  several  papers  attracted  the  attention  of 
thoughtful  men  all  over  the  country  as  well  as  in 
Canada.  He  believed  that  the  production  of  beet  sugar 
would,  at  some  time,  be  a  Massachusetts  industry. 
The  only  difficulty  he  foresaw  was  in  securing  co- 
operation between  the  farmer  and  the  capitalist.  At 
the  conclusion  of  his  final  pap>er  on  the  subject,  he  says, 
that  the  *  future  prospect  of  the  beet-sugar  manufac- 
ture rests  largely  with  the  decision  of  our  farmers, 
whether  they  are  willing  to  unite  with  our  capitalists 
in  sharing  the  responsibility  of  the  new  industry.* 

Goessmann  was  a  pioneer  in  advocating  the  beet- 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    49 

sugar  industry  in  the  United  States,  and  although  he 
never  saw  his  prophecy  realized  in  Massachusetts  be- 
cause of  the  more  profitable  use  of  the  land  for  other 
crops,  his  teachings  concerning  the  cultivation  and 
fertilization  of  the  beet  hold  true  at  the  present  time, 
and  he  lived  to  see  a  large  beet-sugar  industry  devel- 
oped in  California,  Colorado,  Idaho,  Utah,  and  Michi- 
gan. The  present  area  in  the  United  States  devoted  to 
sugar  beets  is  some  624,000  acres  which  produced  in 
1915,  in  round  numbers,  862,800  tons  of  sugar.  ^ 

n.    RECLAMATION   OF  SALT   MARSHES 

First  Paper.  On  the  best  mode  of  subduing  and  util- 
izing for  tillage  the  salt  marshes  in  this  state,  after  they 
are  drained.  (Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  1874.)  In 
this  paper  he  'gives  the  origin,  the  general  character, 
and  the  agricultural  history  of  a  few  successfully  re- 
claimed sea-marshes  of  Europe,  for  the  purpose  of 
rendering  more  prominent  some  striking  features  of 
similarity  which  exist  between  them  and  the  recently 
diked  marshes  above  the  mouth  of  Green  Harbor 
River  in  the  township  of  Marshfield,  Plymouth  County, 
Massachusetts.'  He  described  in  some  detail  *  grad- 
ual changes  which  the  original  vegetation  was  under- 
going since  the  water  of  the  ocean  has  been  excluded, 
in  consequence  of  the  construction  of  an  efficient  dike, 
pointing  out  on  the  same  occasion  some  of  the  causes 
which  seemed  to  control  the  still  varying  or  broken-up 
aspect  of  the  present  natural  growth  in  the  different 
sections  of  the  salt  marshes.* 

'  Yearbook  of  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  1915,  p.  497. 


50    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

From  a  study  of  water  taken  from  the  subsoil  in 
diflFerent  parts  of  the  marsh  lands,  of  samples  of  soil, 
and  of  the  crops  raised  the  first  season,  he  advised  as 
absolutely  indispensable  the  adoption  of  an  efficient 
system  of  drainage,  after  which  attention  should  be 
given  to  the  improvement  of  the  chemical  and  physical 
condition  of  the  soil  by  thorough  cultivation. 

Second  Paper.  Report  on  the  salt  marshes  above  the 
mouth  of  Green  Harbor  River  in  the  township  of 
Marshfield,  Plymouth  County,  Massachusetts.  {Agri- 
culture of  Massachusetts,  1875.) 

This  paper  was  a  continuation  of  Dr.  Goessmann's 
report  on  the  reclaimed  salt  marshes  in  Marshfield. 
As  a  result  of  drainage  he  found  an  improvement  over 
the  previous  year  in  the  composition  and  level  of  the 
subsoil  waters,  resulting  in  a  change  in  the  colour  of 
the  surface  soil  and  the  rapid  decomposition  of  organic 
matter  underlying  the  sod.  Wherever  drainage  was  poor 
on  account  of  a  hard  clay  subsoil,  vegetation  was  killed 
or  seriously  injured  by  an  excessive  amount  of  salines 
in  the  soil.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  best-drained  land 
was  suitable  for  general  cultivation  as  yet,  the  greater 
part  of  it  being  seeded  to  grass  without  ploughing. 
Both  grass  and  vegetables  gave  promise  of  good  crops 
imtil  largely  destroyed  by  grasshoppers  in  late  June. 

He  recommended  that  one  general  plan  for  the 
drainage  of  the  entire  area  of  the  marshes  be  devised 
and  put  in  operation,  and  that  the  land  be  thoroughly 
ploughed  wherever  the  sod  became  too  spongy  to  sup- 
port a  good  grass  crop. 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    51 

Third  Paper.  On  the  improvement  of  salt  marshes. 
{Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  1876.) 

This  was  a  fm-ther  report  on  the  Marshfield  marsh 
lands.  The  condition  of  the  land  and  crops  was  en- 
couraging, although  some  failures  were  experienced, 
and  similar  failures  were  to  be  expected  for  some  years 
until  the  land  had  been  under  cultivation  long  enough 
to  get  the  soil  into  better  physical  condition.  The  ex- 
amination of  soil  and  of  drainage  waters  showed  that 
ineflBcient  drainage  even  in  the  vicinity  of  the  river 
was  still  the  main  cause  of  crop-failures.  He  stated  that 
all  attempts  to  establish  a  rational  system  of  tillage 
would  fail  so  long,  and  in  the  same  degree,  as  efficient 
drainage  was  neglected.  He  then  outlined  a  plan  for  a 
drainage  system  of  which  the  river  with  its  tributaries 
should  be  the  centre  from  which  the  main  ditches 
should  start,  and  to  which  all  ditches  should  have  an 
outlet.  The  old  ditches  in  many  instances  might  be- 
come links  in  this  new  system.  He  again  recommended 
ploughing  as  soon  as  the  soil  failed  to  produce  a  good 
grass  crop  due  to  the  breaking  down  of  the  old  sod. 
He  made  no  definite  recommendations  as  to  a  system 
of  crop  rotation,  but  advised  that  for  some  years  crops 
should  be  selected  with  a  view  to  improving  the 
mechanical  condition  of  the  soil,  and  that  a  rotation  of 
crops  should  be  chosen,  with  the  aim  not  only  of  econo- 
mizing the  latent  plant-food,  but  also  of  preserving  a 
liberal  amount  of  organic  matter  in  the  soil. 

Fourth  Paper.  The  improvement  of  salt  marshes  in 
the  town  of  Marshfield,  made  together  with  George  M. 


52      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

Baker.  (Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  1877.)  This  is  a 
report  of  progress  in  which  is  shown  that  of  the  total 
area  of  1,250  acres  of  marsh  land,  some  250  acres  were 
under  cultivation,  including  50  acres  which  had  been 
ploughed.  A  partial  summary  of  the  various  crops  raised 
is  given.  He  placed  great  emphasis  upon  a  more  thor- 
ough system  of  drainage.  After  this  had  been  accom- 
plished he  felt  sure  that  the  marsh  area  would  become 
very  valuable  for  agricultural  purposes.  Attention  was 
called  to  the  claim  for  damages  likely  to  be  made  for 
alleged  injuries  to  the  harbour  as  a  result  of  drainage 
of  the  marshes.  This  matter  had  resulted  in  causing 
some  owners  to  refrain  from  further  drainage  plans 
until  it  was  settled. 

Fifth  Paper.  The  same  title  as  fourth  paper.  (Agri- 
culture of  Massachusetts y  1878.)  The  dike  which  was 
constructed  to  keep  out  the  sea-water  proved  its 
worth  on  the  entire  area  of  marsh  and  *  shows,  year 
after  year,  more  decided  signs  of  a  progressing  decay 
within  its  accumulated  vegetable  matter,  in  partic- 
ular in  that  portion  of  it  which  directly  underlies 
the  surface  growth.'  He  regrets  that  a  more  general 
drainage  plan  has  not  been  adopted,  feeling  sure  that 
if  the  matter  was  undertaken  in  a  thorough  manner 
together  with  a  liberal  use  of  the  plough,  the  marsh 
area  would  become  very  productive. 

Sixth  and  Seventh  Papers.  The  same  title  as  fourth  pa- 
per. (Agriculture of Massachusetts,lS79 andlSSO.)  Brief 
reports  of  the  same  tenor  as  fourth  and  fifth  papers. 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    53 

The  year  1880  proved  unfortunate  for  crop-production 
on  the  reclaimed  areas  because  of  very  dry  weather 
during  the  early  part  of  the  season.  He  concludes  this 
series  of  papers  as  follows :  *  We  believe  the  community 
never  had  more  confidence  in  the  richness  and  fertility 
of  the  soil  than  they  have  to-day.  Evidently,  nothing 
but  a  favourable  decision  of  the  courts  is  needed  to 
secure  outside  capital  for  more  general  and  rapid  devel- 
opment of  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  reclaimed 
sea-marshes  at  Marshfield.* 

in.    RELATIVE  VALUE  OF  SEVERAL  VARIETIES  OF  CORN 
FOR   FEEDING   PURPOSES 

(Agriculture  of  Massachusetts y  1879.)  The  paper  be- 
gins with  an  historical  account  of  the  work  done  on 
animal  nutrition,  dividing  it  roughly  into  four  periods. 

The  early  attempts  to  inquire  into  chemical  rela- 
tions between  animal  life  and  animal  food,  beginning 
with  Lavoisier  in  1780  and  continuing  for  the  next 
fifty  years,  were  of  but  little  practical  value  to  agricul- 
turists, because  of  the  uncertainty  of  the  chemical 
methods  used,  and  also  because  stock-feeding  had  not 
at  that  time  received  much  attention. 

The  second  period  began  in  1836  with  the  work  of 
Boussingault  and  Liebig.  The  most  important  service 
rendered  by  Boussingault  to  the  science  of  rational 
stock-feeding  consists  in  the  introduction  of  the  chem- 
ical analysis  as  an  essential  requirement  for  the  deter- 
mination of  the  feeding  value  of  an  article  of  fodder. 
Boussingault  was  of  the  opinion  that  the  nitrogen  alone 
of  the  fodder  constituents  was  of  direct  feeding  value. 


54      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

while  the  non-nitrogenous  materials  served  merely  as 
the  support  of  animal  respiration.  Liebig,  on  the  other 
hand,  recognized  that  no  single  constituent  of  a  plant 
can  support  animal  life  —  neither  nitrogenous  matter 
nor  fat,  neither  sugar  nor  mineral  substance:  it  re- 
quires a  certain  definite  proportion  of  each  for  different 
classes  of  animals,  and  even  for  different  conditions  of 
one  and  the  same  animal. 

To  this  period  belongs  the  practice  of  classifying 
agricultural  fodder-crops  by  making  hay  the  standard 
for  the  determination  of  their  relative  feeding  value. 
At  first  this  was  merely  a  comparison  of  the  market 
values  of  different  fodders;  but  later  the  basis  of  com- 
parison was  changed  to  make  the  chemical  analysis  of 
good  meadow  hay  the  basis  of  the  classification  of 
fodder  crops.  This  method  of  comparison  continued  in 
force  for  many  years,  but  became  more  and  more  un- 
satisfactory as  a  greater  variety  of  fodder  crops  became 
common. 

The  efforts  of  these  two  leaders  in  rational  agricul- 
ture (Boussingault  and  Liebig)  to  turn  chemistry  to 
practical  account  in  agricultural  operations,  50on  led  to 
a  more  general  introduction  of  agricultural  experiment 
stations.  Much  analytical  work  and  many  feeding 
experiments  conducted  at  these  experiment  stations, 
showed  that  no  one  plant  can  furnish  a  standard  for  a 
general  fodder-valuation,  and  that  no  single  definite 
numerical  expression  can  state  the  relative  or  absolute 
feeding  value  of  any  fodder.  Gradually  it  became  clear 
that  a  knowledge  of  the  chemical  composition  of  the 
fodder  articles  alone  was  not  sufficient  to  determine 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    55 

their  exact  feeding  value,  but  that  the  degree  of  their 
digestibility  exerted  a  controlling  influence  on  their 
qualification  to  support  animal  life. 

Grouven  conducted  a  series  of  experiments  (1860- 
1864)  which  have  revolutionized  the  science  of  stock- 
feeding.  He  concluded  that  a  rational  and  economical 
system  of  feeding  farm  stock  required  the  following  in- 
formation; 'First,  how  much  nitrogenous  matter, 
how  much  carbohydrate  and  fatty  matter,  and  how 
much  mineral  substance  in  a  digestible  form  does 
each  kind  of  animal  require,  not  only  in  its  various 
stages  of  growth,  but  also  for  every  purpose  it  is 
designed  to  answer?  Second,  how  much  of  each  of 
these  four  groups  of  substances  is  present  in  a  di- 
gestible state  in  our  various  articles  of  fodder?'  Aside 
from  his  own  contributions  to  this  subject,  Grou- 
ven attempted  to  bring  the  valuable  results  of  pre- 
vious scientific  research  within  reach  of  the  practical 
farmer. 

Dr.  Goessmann  then  explained  the  terms  used  in 
reporting  the  results  of  his  analysis  of  different  kinds 
of  corn.  All  plants,  including  most  of  our  common 
articles  of  fodder,  contain  four  groups  of  nutritive 
compoimds:  protein  or  nitrogenous  substance,  carbo- 
hydrate or  non-nitrogenous  substance,  fats,  and  min- 
eral constituents.  These  are  present  in  absolutely 
and  relatively  varying  quantities  in  each  plant  and 
part  of  plant,  and  serve  in  absolutely  and  relatively 
different  proportions  for  the  support  of  animal  life. 
The  nutritive  ratio  of  a  fodder  substance  is  the  numer- 
ical relation  of  its  nitrogenous  substance  compared 


56      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

with  the  sum  of  its  non-nitrogenous  digestible  organic 
constituents,  fat  included. 

Then  follows  a  detailed  report  of  the  analyses  of 
eleven  varieties  of  corn,  including  analyses  of  different 
parts  of  the  corn  plant.  From  these  analyses  and  from 
a  knowledge  of  the  conditions  under  which  the  differ- 
ent samples  were  grown,  he  concludes  that  the  differ- 
ence in  feeding  value  of  the  different  samples  is  due  as 
much  to  the  method  of  cultivation  as  to  difference  of 
variety.  The  analyses  indicate  that  the  feeding  value 
of  corn-cobs  is  equal  to  that  of  some  grasses,  and  is 
greater  where  the  j&nal  processes  of  growth  are  stopped 
by  the  weather.  They  are  especially  valuable  ground 
with  the  corn  kernel. 

The  paper  ends  with  a  brief  description  of  the 
method  of  making  and  feeding  ensilage,  together  with 
the  analyses  of  several  samples  of  com  at  the  time  of 
putting  into  the  silo  and  after  fermentation. 

IV.   THE  SYSTEM  OF  PRESERVING  GREEN  FOOD  IN  SILOS 

(Agriculture  of  Massachusetts ,  1880.)  This  paper 
calls  attention  first  to  the  fact  that  opposite  views  of 
the  value  of  the  silo  system  are  held,  and  explains  this 
as  due  to  a  misapprehension  regarding  the  composition 
and  feeding  value  of  the  ensilage  as  compared  with  the 
original  green  crop,  and  to  a  different  basis  for  the 
estimation  of  the  economic  points  involved. 

Goessmann  then  takes  up  the  use  of  the  silo  system 
in  Europe.  A  general  description  of  the  method  of 
preserving  green  feeds  in  silos  and  the  kinds  of  feeds 
for  which  this  treatment  is  recommended  follows.  The 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    57 

success  of  the  operation  depends  upon  the  dryness  of 
the  pit  in  which  the  material  is  packed,  the  careful 
packing  down  of  the  mass  in  the  silo,  especially  along 
the  sides,  and  the  keeping  out  of  the  air,  particularly 
during  the  earlier  period  of  fermentation.  During  the 
process  of  fermentation  the  green  feed  loses  weight,  due 
to  the  loss  of  more  or  less  organic  matter  and  water. 
Some  of  the  starchy  or  saccharine  substances  are 
changed  to  lactic  acid,  and  sometimes  to  alcohols  and 
fatty  acids.  The  nitrogen  percentage  is  usually  higher 
than  that  of  the  green  feed. 

After  this  general  discussion  of  the  method,  he  de- 
scribes a  number  of  European  experiments  with  ensil- 
ing different  crops,  including  clover,  the  leaves  and  tops 
of  beet-roots,  and  sugar-beet  pulp  and  straw  combined 
with  a  green  crop,  giving  in  each  case  the  chemical 
changes  which  took  place  in  the  product. 

From  these  examples  he  concludes:  *That  the  silo 
system  furnishes  no  exception  to  the  rule  that  our 
practical  modes  of  preserving  fodder  are  accompanied 
with  a  loss  in  quantity  and  quality  of  valuable  plant 
constituents,  and  that  any  attainable  higher  feeding 
value  is  almost  invariably  secured  at  the  sacrifice  of 
quantity.  The  question  of  waste  is  simply  a  matter  of 
degree  when  comparing  existing  modes  of  keeping  fod- 
der with  that  of  the  silo  system.* 

There  are  some  advantages  which  the  silo  system 
possesses  over  other  systems.  It  is  independent  of  the 
weather.  This  is  of  particular  importance  in  the  case  of 
juicy  plants.  Exposure  of  green  crops  to  rain,  even  for 
a  few  days  during  hay-making,  alters  the  quality  of 


58      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

the  hay  more  than  is  conimonly  supposed.  Fodder 
plants  like  clover  lose  largely  in  value  during  hay- 
making, due  to  the  loss  of  leaves.  Both  of  these  sources 
of  loss  are  avoided  in  the  use  of  the  silo.  The  quahty 
and  quantity  of  ensilage  made  with  ordinary  care  suf- 
fers mainly  from  but  one  thing,  fermentation.  Admit- 
ting that  this  waste  may  be  greater  than  that  of  any 
mode  of  preserving  fodder,  there  are  some  advantages 
which  ensilage  possesses  for  which  it  is  diflBcult  to  find 
an  exact  numerical  value  as  compared  with  dry  fodder 
of  the  same  plant:  namely,  it  increases  the  rate  of 
digestibility  of  otherwise  indigestible  parts  of  the 
green  fodder,  thereby  compensating  somewhat  for 
the  loss  of  valuable  soluble  organic  matter;  and  the 
ensilage  of  those  crops  for  which  the  system  is 
recommended  is  almost  invariably  more  acceptable 
to  animals  than  the  dry  fodder.  The  silo  system  is 
not  a  substitute  for  existing  modes  of  preserving 
fodder,  but  will  prove  a  most  valuable  assistance  to 
increase  our  chances  of  securing  larger  quantities  of 
good  fodder. 

V.   THE  INSPECTION  OP  COMMERCIAL  FERTILIZERS 

Commercial  fertiHzers  began  to  attract  attention  in 
the  United  States  as  early  as  1853.  In  that  year  Sam- 
uel W.  Johnson  published  the  now  historic  article  on 
Superphosphate  of  Lime.^  As  chemist  to  the  Connec- 
ticut Agricultural  Society  from  1856  to  1861,  and  later 
as  chemist  to  the  Connecticut  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
ture, Johnson  issued  reports  which  included  numerous 

*  Country  Gentleman,  March  1853. 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    59 

analyses  of  commercial  fertilizers  then  being  sold  in 
that  state. 

As  early  as  1852  one  notes  references  to  the  use  of 
Peruvian  guano  and  superphosphate  of  lime  in  the 
report  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agricul- 
tiu*e.  In  1865  Dr.  James  R.  Nichols,^  in  an  essay  before 
the  State  Board,  discussed  in  an  admirable  way  the 
subject  of  plant-nutrition  and  made  especial  reference 
to  phosphate  from  bones,  potash  from  ashes,  and  the 
probabihty  of  plants  taking  their  nitrogen  from  the  air. 
In  1868  Col.  Mason  C.  Weld  ^  delivered  an  address  be- 
fore the  same  society  on  Commercial  Fertihzers,  reflect- 
ing the  best  knowledge  of  the  day.  He  showed  Peruvian 
guano  to  be  retailing  for  $62.50  a  ton,  superphosphate 
of  lime  for  ^55,  ground  bone  and  ground  fish  for  $45, 
nitrate  of  soda  for  $120,  and  sulphate  of  ammonia  for 
$170.  He  also  stated  that  many  brands  of  highly 
recommended  fertilizer  mixtures  were  being  offered  for 
sale  and  were  generally  purchased  by  the  poorest  farm- 
ers, whereas  in  Europe  such  conditions  were  reversed. 
Dr.  Nichols'  delivered  another  address  before  the 
State  Board  in  1870,  entitled  *  Manures,  General  and 
Special.'  He  published  a  number  of  analyses  made  by 
himself  of  ashes,  fish,  and  several  fertilizer  mixtures, 
and  commented  upon  the  high  prices  of  many  of  these 
substances  and  the  frauds  frequently  practised.  In 
1871  another  address  by  Nichols^  followed,  entitled 
*Food  of  Plants  and  Sources  of  Supply,*  which  was 

*  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  Fourteenth  Report,  p.  228. 
»  Ibid.,  Sixteenth  Report,  p.  93. 

»  Ibid.,  Eighteenth  Report,  p.  179. 

*  Ibid.,  Nineteenth  Report,  p.  80. 


60      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

discussed  by  different  members  of  the  Board  and  indi- 
cated the  interest  then  being  taken  in  the  subject  of 
commercial  fertilizers  in  this  state.  In  1872  Andrew 
H.  Ward^  read  a  paper  before  the  State  Board  on 
*  Manures  and  Fertilizers,'  which  caused  consider- 
able discussion  by  Col.  William  S.  Clark  and  others, 
and  emphasized  the  uncertainty  of  our  knowledge  con- 
cerning the  value  of  commercial  fertilizers  in  Massa- 
chusetts markets,  and  the  great  need  of  a  systematic 
inspection. 

Professor  Goessmann,  in  the  Tenth  Report  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  (1872),  presented 
a  very  comprehensive  unoflficial  report  on  commercial 
fertihzers,  in  which  he  summarized  the  knowledge  on 
plant-nutrition  and  the  use  of  fertilizers  then  prevailing 
in  Europe,  called  attention  to  the  imperative  need  of 
a  law  governing  the  sale  of  fertilizers  in  Massachusetts, 
and  outlined  the  salient  requirements  of  such  a  law. 
He  further  presented  a  number  of  his  own  analyses  of 
the  fertilizers  found  in  the  local  markets,  and  discussed 
their  relative  commercial  values  and  selling  prices.  In 
part  n  of  this  report  he  gave  an  excellent  exposition 
of  the  formation,  composition,  and  value  of  the  re- 
cently discovered  potash  salts  of  Germany. 

The  first  fertilizer  law  ^  in  the  United  States  requir- 
ing an  official  inspection  of  fertilizers  was  passed  by  the 

^  Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  Twentieth  Report,  p.  165. 

'  On  February  5,  1873,  it  was  voted  by  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
'that  Col.  W.  S.  Clark,  Professor  Goessmann,  and  Secretary  C.  L.  Flint 
constitute  a  conunittee  to  appear  before  the  legislature  in  behalf  of  a  law 
controlling  the  sale  of  fertilizers.'  The  records  of  the  State  Board  fail  to 
give  further  information;  one  may  conclude,  however,  that  the  law  was  the 
result  of  the  combined  efforts  of  the  above  committee. 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    61 

Massachusetts  Legislature  on  May  26, 1873,^  to  become 
operative  October  1  (Acts  of  1873,  Chapter  312).  It 
required  all  fertilizers  sold  in  the  state  to  have  a  guar- 
antee of  composition  attached,  and  provided  a  penalty 
for  failure  to  do  this.  The  execution  of  the  law  was 
placed  under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Board  of 
Agriculture,  and  the  chemist  of  the  Board  was  made 
state  inspector  of  fertilizers.  The  fee  was  fifteen  dollars 
for  each  analysis  made,  and  was  to  be  paid  by  the  man- 
ufacturer to  the  state  inspector  to  cover  the  cost  of 
the  inspection.  The  inspector  was  required  to  report 
any  violation  of  the  act  to  the  secretary  of  the  Board, 
who  was  empowered  to  institute  legal  proceedings. 

Professor  Goessmann,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  became 
the  inspector,  and  published  his  first  report  in  the 
twenty-first  annual  report  of  Agriculture  of  Massachu- 
setts. Owing  to  the  lateness  of  the  season  when  the  law 
went  into  effect  (October  1),  the  report  was  of  neces- 
sity limited  in  its  scope.  He  reported  the  analysis  and 
discussed  the  value  of  Peruvian  and  fish  guanos, 
slaughter-house  residues,  superphosphates,  sulphate  of 
ammonia,  nitrate  of  soda,  and  German  potash  salts. 
He  advised  the  manufacturers  to  pay  more  attention 
to  their  analytical  statements,  and  particularly  to  im- 
prove their  methods  of  manufacture.  In  one  of  his 
early  reports  is  found  the  following  statement:  *  These 
identical  articles  cost  the  farmers  .  .  .  one-half  more 
than  they  ought  to.'   The  inspection  was  transferred 

*  A  preceding  law  enacted  March  10,  1869  (Acta  of  1869,  Chapter  63), 
required  that  all  fertilizers  be  marked  with  the  name  of  the  manufacturer 
and  a  statement  of  the  analysis,  and  prescribed  a  fine  for  those  violating 
it.  No  official  inspector  waa  appointed  nor  were  funds  provided  for  its 
execution. 


62      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

from  the  chemist  of  the  Board  in  1883  to  the  director 
and  chemist  of  the  newly  organized  State  Experiment 
Station,  of  which  he  was  the  head.  After  the  consoli- 
dation of  the  state  and  Hatch  stations  in  1896,  the 
president  of  the  College,  as  director  of  the  combined 
stations,  became  oflBcially  the  inspector,  but  the  execu- 
tion of  the  work  was  carried  out  by  Professor  Goess- 
mann  as  chemist  of  the  Station,  and  he  continued  it 
until  his  retirement  in  1907. 

In  the  early  years  he  made  his  own  collection  of 
samples  and  performed  much  of  the  analytical  work. 
As  the  demands  upon  his  time  increased,  he  employed 
as  aids,  both  in  collecting  samples  and  as  chemists, 
recent  graduates  of  the  College  who  had  been  trained 
under  him,  and  it  is  recalled  that  in  the  summer  of 
1884  the  writer  made  practically  all  of  the  nitrogen 
determinations  at  the  College  laboratory  by  the  old 
soda-lime  method,  and  at  the  end  of  each  day  carried 
the  bulbs  containing  the  resulting  chloride  of  ammonia 
to  the  professor's  private  laboratory  where  the  process 
was  completed  by  the  professor  himself. 

The  reports  of  the  inspection  issued  by  Professor 
Goessmann  from  year  to  year  grew  in  importance,  and 
were  regarded  by  farmers  as  a  strong  bulwark  of  pro- 
tection against  misrepresentation  and  fraud.  In  fact, 
the  more  progressive  manufacturers  soon  recognized 
the  justice  of  his  statements,  endorsed  the  law,  and 
supported  him  in  his  work.  One  cannot  estimate  in 
money  the  value  of  the  services  thus  rendered  to  the 
citizens  of  Massachusetts  by  Goessmann  and  his  co- 
workers. It  has  been  said  by  educated  men  who  pos- 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    63 

sessed  an  intelligent  grasp  of  the  situation,  that  this 
work  alone  was  worth  to  the  state  the  entire  cost  of  the 
Agricultural  College. 

VI.  THE  VALUE  OF  EARLY  AMBER  SORGHUM  AS  A 
SUGAR  PRODUCING  PLANT 

{Sixteenth  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  1879.)  This  experiment  was  conducted  to  ascer- 
tain the  value  of  the  Minnesota  Early  Amber  Sorghum 
upon  the  soil  of  Massachusetts.  Seed  was  secured 
through  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
and  one  acre  was  grown  at  the  College  and  about 
twenty  acres  in  the  vicinity.  The  apparatus  used  for 
crushing  and  pressing  the  cane  and  evaporating  the 
juice  was  the  same  as  that  used  in  IVIinnesota.  Only 
such  apparatus  and  methods  were  used  as  could  be 
employed  by  any  intelligent  farmer  with  a  moderate 
outlay  of  money. 

Dr.  Goessmann*s  part  in  this  experiment  was  to 
study  the  changes  which  the  cane  undergoes  during 
the  later  period  of  its  growth,  in  order  to  learn  the  time 
when  the  sugar  becomes  more  prominent  in  its  juice; 
to  ascertain  the  rate  at  which  this  percentage  increases, 
and  to  determine  the  particular  point  in  the  ripening 
process  of  the  plant  when  the  largest  amount  of  sugar 
is  present;  and  to  notice  finally  the  changes  which  the 
cane  subsequently  sustains  in  regard  to  the  quantity 
and  quality  of  its  saccharine  matter. 

The  results  obtained  from  the  cane  raised  upon  the 
College  farm  led  to  the  following  conclusions:  Grape 
sugar  appears  at  an  early  stage  in  the  growth  of  the 


64      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

plant,  and  increases  to  three  or  four  per  cent,  before 
the  cane  sugar  is  formed.  The  cane  sugar  is  first  notice- 
able when  the  flower-stalks  begin  to  be  visible  above 
the  leaves,  and  its  amount  increases  until  the  seeds  are 
of  full  size  but  still  soft.  The  relative  proportion  of 
grape  and  cane  sugars  was  generally  about  three  to 
seven.  The  better  quality  of  the  juice  in  the  later  life 
of  the  plant  is  due  rather  to  a  loss  of  moisture  than  to 
the  continued  formation  of  sugar.  The  cane  sugar 
changes  gradually  into  grape  sugar  after  the  plants 
are  cut. 

The  best  way  to  secure  the  full  benefit  of  the  crop  for 
syrup  and  sugar  manufacture  is  to  begin  cutting  when 
the  seeds  are  full-grown  but  still  soft,  and  to  grind 
without  delay.  In  the  process  of  converting  the  juice 
into  syrup,  the  relative  proportion  of  the  cane  sugar 
and  grape  sugar  was  seriously  altered,  showing  this 
plant  to  be  unsuitable  for  the  production  of  sugar.  The 
average  yield  per  acre  was  160  to  170  gallons  of  syrup, 
which  was  yellowish  in  colour  and  somewhat  peculiar 
in  taste,  though  pleasant  and  quite  generally  liked. 

Observations  of  the  cane  brought  in  from  surround- 
ing farms  confirmed  the  conclusions  drawn  from  the 
examination  of  the  cane  from  the  College  field.  The 
injurious  changes  which  the  cane  undergoes  after  be- 
ing cut  were  quite  conspicuous.  A  trial  made  to  see 
whether  it  would  be  better  economy  to  grind  the  cane 
with  the  leaves  or  without,  showed  that  the  saving  of 
labour  in  the  field  by  omitting  the  stripping  did  not 
compensate  for  the  loss  suffered  in  the  clogging  of  the 
mill  and  the  waste  of  juice  when  the  leaves  were  left  on. 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    65 

There  followed  a  comparison  of  the  expenses  and 
returns  in  the  case  of  the  acre  of  the  sorghum  raised  on 
the  College  farm,  from  which  the  conclusion  was  drawn 
that  there  should  be  a  profit  of  $35  per  acre.  This  sur- 
plus might  be  increased  by  an  improvement  in  the 
yield  which  it  would  be  possible  to  obtain,  as  in  some 
instances  the  yield  had  been  as  high  as  240  gallons  of 
syrup  per  acre.  He  concludes :  'The  presence  of  a  large 
amoimt  of  grape  sugar  in  all  the  later  stages  of  the 
Early  Amber,  as  well  as  of  all  other  varieties  of  this 
species,  is  a  serious  feature  in  the  composition  of  the 
juice,  impairing  greatly  the  chances  for  a  copious  sepa- 
ration of  the  cane  sugar  by  simple  modes  of  treatment. 
The  necessity  of  applying  more  costly  apparatus,  and 
engaging  skilled  labour  to  secure  the  larger  portion  of 
the  cane  sugar,  if  once  conceded,  places  the  production 
of  dry  sugar  from  sorghum  beyond  the  scope  of  general 
farm  enterprise.' 

The  above  conclusions  have  stood  the  test  of  time, 
for  further  attempts  to  utilize  this  plant  as  a  commer- 
cial source  of  sugar  have  resulted  in  failure. 

Vn.   CONTRIBUTIONS    TO    THE    CHEMISTRY    OP    FRUIT 
CULTURE* 

First  Paper.  (Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  1879.) 
Dr.  Goessmann  opens  the  paper  with  a  few  general 
statements,  bringing  out  the  fact  that  the  principles  of 
fertilization,  which  had  been  studied  for  some  time  in 
the  case  of  most  of  the  farm  crops,  had  not  received 
attention  as  applied  to  fruits.    Neither  the  chemical 

^  In  co-operation  with  Samuel  T.  Maynard. 


66      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

composition  of  the  fruits  themselves  nor  of  the  plants 
was  definitely  known,  nor  had  the  efifect  of  different 
fertiUzers  been  observed.  Judging  from  past  experi- 
ence in  general  farm-management,  it  seemed  wise  to 
assume  that  much  benefit  may  accrue  to  fruit  culture, 
and  horticulture  generally,  by  studying  the  relations 
which  exist  between  the  composition  of  the  soil  and 
the  ash  constituents  of  the  fruits  grown  upon  it.  Exper- 
iments, therefore,  were  conducted  with  grapes  in  the 
College  vineyard,  and  the  following  subjects  proposed 
for  careful  analytical  investigation :  — 

1.  What  are  the  chief  characteristic  organic  and  in- 
organic constituents  of  the  Concord  grape  as  compared 
with  those  of  the  wild  varieties  of  Vitis  labrusca  (L.), 
the  vine  from  which  the  Concord  originated? 

2.  To  what  extent  is  it  possible  to  alter  the  quantity 
and  relative  proportions  of  the  ash  constituents  in  the 
fruit  of  both  varieties;  and,  in  case  of  such  alterations, 
what  are  the  changes  which  are  likely  to  result  with 
regard  to  their  most  characteristic  organic  constitu- 
ents, such  as  sugar  and  acid? 

He  describes  the  method  of  carrying  out  the  experi- 
ment, and  gives  the  detailed  analysis  of  the  juice,  wood, 
seed,  skins,  and  pulp,  stems  and  young  branches.  He 
foimd  that  the  application  of  potash  and  phosphoric 
acid  largely  increased  the  amount  of  these  two  constit- 
uents in  the  ash,  and  was  accompanied  by  an  increase 
of  sugar  and  a  decrease  of  free  acid. 

Later,  experiments  were  conducted  in  girdling  vines, 
to  secure  definite  data  regarding  the  best  methods  to 
employ,  and  the  effect  of  the  practice  on  the  vine  and 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    67 

fruit.  The  results  of  this  investigation  led  to  the  fol- 
lowing conclusions :  — 

The  best  results  were  secured  when  the  cut  was  made 
between  July  1  and  August  1,  and  kept  open  by  a  sec- 
ond or  third  removal  of  the  healing  growth.  If  the  first 
cut  is  made  at  least  one-half  inch  wide,  this  second  or 
third  cutting  may  not  be  necessary,  as  it  will  not  heal 
over  so  rapidly.  No  change  was  noticed  in  the  vine  or 
fruit  below  the  point  where  the  girdling  took  place. 
Vines  girdled  two  years  before  retained  their  vig- 
our. The  only  permanent  effect  noticed  was  the  earlier 
ripening  of  the  fruit  from  such  vines.  As  the  price 
obtained  from  grapes  early  in  the  season  is  several 
cents  per  pound  higher  than  that  received  later,  and 
as  the  grapes  matiu'ed  some  two  weeks  earlier  on  the 
girdled  vines,  the  practice  was  considered  a  profitable 
one.  The  grapes  showed  an  increase  in  size  over  those 
grown  on  ungirdled  vines,  and  were  of  practically  the 
same  chemical  composition. 

Experiments  conducted  to  determine  which  of  the 
buds  —  those  nearest  the  main  canes  upon  new  wood, 
those  in  the  middle  of  the  canes,  or  those  at  the  ex- 
tremities—  would  produce  the  best  bunches  of  grapes, 
showed  that  the  bunches  of  grapes  from  the  different 
buds  were  of  nearly  the  same  size. 

Second  Paper.  Exi>eriments  with  special  fertilizers 
in  fruit  culture.  (Agriculture  of  Massachusetts ,  1884.) 
The  paper  begins  with  a  short  discussion  of  the  desir- 
abihty  of  studying  the  composition  of  fruits  with  a 
view  of  ascertaining  the  relations  existing  between  the 


68      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

kind  and  amount  of  available  plant-food  in  the  soil, 
and  the  relative  and  absolute  quantity  of  the  various 
soil-elements  contained  in  the  fruit  raised  upon  it.  The 
absolute  amount  of  the  mineral  constituents  in  plants 
of  the  same  variety  may  differ  widely  without  chang- 
ing the  character  of  the  plants;  but  a  change  in  the 
relative  proportion  of  the  various  mineral  constituents 
almost  always  affects  the  quantity  of  some  of  the 
organic  constituents,  such  as  starch,  sugar,  acids,  etc. 
This  fact  would  seem  to  show  that  each  of  the  various 
mineral  constituents  has  a  special  function  in  the 
growth  of  plants.  'The  more  we  learn  of  the  specific 
functions  of  each  essential  mineral  constituent  of 
plants,  the  better  will  we  be  prepared  to  perfect  our 
system  of  manuring;  to  cultivate  with  a  view  of  devel- 
oping desirable  qualities  in  the  crops,  and  to  counter- 
act the  serious  influence  of  an  abnormal  composition 
of  the  sap  on  the  health  of  plants.' 

He  further  describes  an  experiment  with  currants 
conducted  at  the  College,  in  which  these  bushes,  fertil- 
ized in  different  ways  and  unfertilized,  were  compared. 
From  the  analyses  of  the  fruit  it  was  evident  that  pot- 
ash was  the  only  ash  constituent  in  which  the  soil  was 
deficient.  The  addition  of  this  element  in  every  in- 
stance increased  the  percentage  of  potash  in  the  fruit 
as  well  as  the  amount  of  vegetable  matter  and  sugar. 
The  colour  of  the  berries  was  also  improved.  The  in- 
crease of  potash  in  the  currant  was  invariably  accom- 
panied by  a  corresponding  decrease  of  phosphoric  acid, 
and  of  lime  in  particular,  thus  confirming  his  previous 
observations  with  other  fruits.    The  most  striking 


INVESTIGATIONS  AT  THE  COLLEGE    69 

alterations  in  the  mineral  constituents  of  the  currant 
were  produced  by  muriate  of  potash. 

In  the  same  article  he  gave  a  brief  summary  of 
his  experience  with  the  use  of  muriate  of  potash  on 
peach  trees  suffering  from  'yellows.'  He  believed  this 
trouble  to  be  due  to  an  abnormal  condition  of  the  sap 
in  so  far  as  its  mineral  constituents  were  concerned, 
which  resulted  in  the  development  of  a  fungous  growth. 
He  found  that  the  cells  in  the  young  branches  of  the 
diseased  trees  contained  an  abnormally  large  amount 
of  phosphoric  acid  and  lime;  the  application  to  the  soil 
of  two  to  three  pounds  of  muriate  of  potash  per  tree 
for  two  or  three  seasons  reduced  the  percentages  of 
these  elements,  and  this  reduction,  together  with  judi- 
cious pruning,  restored  the  tree  to  a  vigorous  growth. 

The  details  of  this  experiment  are  given  in  the  Sec- 
ond Report  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,^  p.  105.  The  cause  of  peach  yellows  still  re- 
mains a  mystery,  according  to  William  H.  Taylor, 
chief  of  the  Bureau  of  Plant  Industry,  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture. 

J.  B.  L. 

*  In  oo-operation  with  David  P.  Penhallow. 


CHAPTER  V 

THE   EXPERIMENT   STATION 

By  act  of  the  Legislature,  the  Massachusetts  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  was  established  May 
12,  1882,  with  a  yearly  grant  of  $5000  ^  for  its  main- 
tenance, and  Goessmann  was  made  its  Director  and 
Chemist.  He  had  persistently  advocated  the  desir- 
ability of  such  an  institution,  and  was  exceedingly 
gratified  at  the  final  realization  of  his  hopes.  As  time 
passed,  his  interest  in  the  work  of  the  Station  increased 
and  he  gradually  turned  his  college  work  over  to  others. 
Those  who  were  associated  with  him  in  the  early 
eighties  will  remember  how  continuously  he  discussed 
the  present  and  future  prospects  of  the  Station. 

He  began  at  once  to  make  plans  for  the  future  work 
of  the  Station.  The  Cowls  barn  was  remodelled  and 
fitted  for  the  carrying  on  of  experiments  in  feeding, 
plats  were  laid  out  for  field  experiments,  under  the 
supervision  of  Professor  Manly  Miles,  and  several 
small  rooms  were  set  aside  in  the  College  Chemical 
Laboratory  for  the  chemical  work  of  the  Station.  The 
fittings  and  conveniences  of  the  laboratory  were  of  the 
simplest  kind,  and  office-room  was  not  available. 

The  following  principal  fines  of  work  were  carried 

*  This  amount  was  soon  increased  to  $10,000  yearly,  and  later  $500  were 
added.  The  National  Government  added  to  this  support  by  the  Hatch  and 
Adams  funds.  It  was  not  until  1913  that  the  State  Legislatiure  came  to  the 
support,  v.ith  an  additional  grant  of  $5000  yearly  for  five  years. 


THK   KXl'KKIMKNT   STATION 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  71 

out  by  Goessmann  with  the  aid  of  assistants,  mostly 
graduates  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 
from  the  time  he  became  director  until  he  retired  in 
1907,  and  the  results  were  published  in  the  annual  re- 
ports of  the  Massachusetts  State  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  (1883-1894),  and  afterwards  in  the  re- 
ports of  the  Hatch  Experiment  Station,  in  which  the 
State  Station  was  merged. 

I.  The  free  analyses  of  fertilizer  mixtures,  agricul- 
tural chemicals,  refuse  materials  and  by-products  suit- 
able for  fertilizing  purposes,  fodder-crops,  concentrated 
feeds,  dairy  products  —  particularly  milk  —  and  drink- 
ing waters. 

Goessmann  desired  to  make  the  Station  of  service 
to  every  one.  He,  therefore,  accepted  and  had  analyzed 
all  materials  of  an  agricultural  nature  that  in  his  judg- 
ment would  prove  helpful  to  the  citizens  of  the  state. 
He  gave  freely  of  his  time  to  reporting  the  results  of  the 
analyses  and  to  answering  all  inquiries  in  his  own  hand- 
writing; and  one  visiting  him  of  an  evening  would  find 
him  often  in  his  little  office  at  his  home,  laboriously 
writing,  with  a  pile  of  letters  by  his  side.  Even  in  his 
later  years  he  would  not  employ  a  stenographer.  He 
finally  purchased  a  typewriter,  and  required  one  of  the 
assistant  chemists  to  learn  the  art  of  tj'pewriting.  He 
would  then  state  to  the  young  man  the  gist  of  what  he 
wished  to  say  in  answer  to  letters  received,  and  the 
assistant  would  write  out  the  letter  in  full  on  the  type- 
writer, to  which  Professor  Goessmann  appended  his 
signature. 


72      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

n.  The  growing  of  soiling  crops,  the  introduction  of 
new  soiling  crops,  and  practiced  feeding  experiments  to 
test  their  merits. 

Goessmann  was  very  much  interested  in  animal 
nutrition.  He  had  studied  thoroughly  the  works  of 
Grouven,  Wolff,  Henneberg,  Stohmann,  and  their 
pupils,  and  was  anxious  to  try  out  and  put  in  practice 
their  teachings.  He  recognized  that  the  New  England 
pasture  was  rapidly  becoming  inferior,  due  to  neglect 
and  to  the  oft-occurring  summer  droughts;  and  further 
that  the  hay  crop  was  likely  to  decrease  in  amount  and 
increase  in  price.  In  order  to  remedy  these  conditions 
he  advocated  the  growing  of  a  variety  of  summer  for- 
age crops,  especially  the  legumes.  He  experimented 
with  vetch,  alfalfa,  serradella,  horse-beans,  lupines, 
cow-peas,  soy  beans,  and  many  others  of  less  economi- 
cal importance,  most  of  which  were  new  to  this  country. 
He  also  advised  the  growing  of  mixed  fodder  crops, 
that  is,  the  mixture  of  a  non-legume  with  a  legume, 
recognizing  that  a  larger  yield  frequently  resulted  than 
when  these  two  crops  were  grown  separately.  In  his 
judgment,  a  mixture  of  vetch  and  oats,  and  peas  and 
oats  was  a  very  satisfactory  combination.  Other  green 
crops  which  especially  proved  their  worth  from  his 
point  of  view,  were  the  soy  bean,  the  cow-pea,  and  the 
serradella.  He  recognized  in  the  lupines  a  valuable 
plant  for  soil-renovation. 

In  looking  over  the  results  of  his  experiments  with 
green  crops,  one  is  impressed  with  the  large  variety 
of  plants  that  he  brought  together  for  trial.  In  the 
writer's  judgment,  however,  he  did  not  succeed  in 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  73 

working  out,  or  at  least  putting  in  workable  form,  a 
complete  system  of  soiling  that  would  prove  practicable 
to  the  average  farmer.  Some  of  the  crops  which  he 
advocated,  while  they  possessed  a  high  nutritive  value, 
were  too  costly,  because  of  the  price  of  seed  and  labour 
involved  in  cultivation,  to  warrant  their  general  use  on 
the  farm.  At  the  same  time,  he  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  agriculturist,  and  illustrated,  the  value  of  sum- 
mer soiling  and  the  variety  of  fodder  crops  which 
could  be  used  to  advantage  for  such  a  purpose. 

m.  Feeding  experiments  with  milch  cows. 

A  series  of  experiments,  covering  a  period  of  five 
years  (1885-1889),  were  conducted  to  compare  the 
relative  nutritive  and  economic  values  of  such  rough- 
ages as  English  hay,  com  stover,  com  silage,  sugar 
beets,  and  carrots.  The  conclusions  drawn  were: 

(a)  The  nutritive  value  of  com  stover  on  the  basis  of 
dry  organic  matter  compared  well  with  an  average 
quality  of  English  hay;  the  same  may  be  said  of  good 
com  silage  fed  in  place  of  one-half  the  customary 
amount  of  hay. 

(6)  Carrots  and  sugar  beets  on  the  basis  of  dry 
organic  matter  have  exceeded  in  nutritive  value  a  like 
amount  of  silage  when  fed  in  place  of  one-half  the 
hay. 

(c)  Com  silage  and  roots  do  best  when  fed  in  place 
of  one-fourth  to  one-half  the  full  hay  ration.  About 
25  pounds  of  roots  daily,  or  from  35  to  40  pounds  of 
silage  per  day,  with  sufficient  hay  to  satisfy  the  app>e- 
tite,  are  about  the  correct  proportions  of  roughage. 


74      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

(d)  DifiFerent  rations  appear  to  be  without  effect  on 
the  chemical  character  of  the  milk,  this  being  governed 
by  the  constitutional  characteristics  of  the  animal. 

(e)  Milk  is  produced  cheaper  on  com  stover  and  on 
silage  than  when  hay  constitutes  the  total  roughage. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  Goessmann  was  quite 
without  practical  experience  in  animal  nutrition  when 
he  began  these  experiments,  and  in  the  light  of  our 
present  knowledge  and  experience  his  methods  of  ex- 
j>eriment  would  be  considered  crude.  He  was  a  pioneer ^ 
however,  and  in  spite  of  the  methods  followed,  the 
above  conclusions  hold  substantially  true  at  the  pres- 
ent time. 

A  second  series  (1887-1892),  comparing  on  the  basis 
of  organic  matter,  green  com,  green  vetch  and  oats, 
peas  and  oats,  cow-peas,  soy  beans,  and  serradella  with 
English  hay,  led  him  to  conclude  that  *the  nutritive 
effect  was  very. satisfactory,  for  the  animals  without 
exception  maintained  their  original  weight;  the  yield 
of  milk  was  in  every  instance  somewhat  raised,  and 
the  quality  of  the  milk  was  equal  to  the  best  as  far  as 
one  and  the  same  animal  was  concerned.' 

A  third  series  with  milch  cows  (1889-1892)  was  con- 
ducted to  study  the  comparative  nutritive  values  of 
such  concentrates  as  new  and  old  process  linseed  meals, 
cottonseed  meal,  Chicago  gluten  meal,  maize  feed, 
wheat  bran,  and  corn  meal.  His  conclusion  was  that 
the  feeding  value  of  the  five  first-named  feeds  did  not 
vary  greatly  one  from  the  other,  but  that  the  cost  of 
producing  a  definite  amount  of  milk  depended  to  an 
extent  upon  the  cost  of  these  by-products,  and  particu- 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  75 

larly  upon  the  cost  of  the  dififerent  roughages  with 
which  they  were  combined.  He  also  called  attention 
to  the  increased  value  of  the  manure  where  nitroge- 
nous concentrates  were  fed  in  place  of  com  and  other 
cereals. 

rV.  Feeding  experiments  with  pigs. 

Beginning  in  1884  and  terminating  in  1892,  Goess- 
mann  carried  on  17  different  feeding  experiments  with 
young  pigs,  to  ascertain  the  best  method  of  feeding, 
the  most  suitable  feed-stuffs  to  use,  and  the  cost  of 
pork  production.  Usually  six  pigs  were  used  in  each 
experiment.  At  first,  he  compared  the  relative  nutri- 
tive merits  of  skim  milk  and  buttermilk,  and  found 
that  on  the  basis  of  dry  matter  they  had  substantially 
equal  nutritive  values.  Later,  he  investigated  the  most 
suitable  proportions  to  be  used  of  com  meal  and  skim 
milk,  and  in  case  skim  milk  was  in  limited  supply,  he 
endeavoured  to  find  a  suitable  substitute  in  the  form  of 
different  grain  mixtures. 

He  started  with  young  pigs  of  from  20  to  30  pounds 
in  weight,  and  terminated  the  experiment  when  the 
individual  animals  reached  a  weight  of  from  180  to  200 
p)oimds.  Skim  milk  was  in  fairly  liberal  supply  in  the 
western  counties  of  the  state  at  the  time,  because  of  the 
numerous  co-operative  creameries  engaged  in  the  man- 
ufacture of  butter. 

As  a  result  of  these  many  exp>eriments  he  advised  the 
following  combinations  of  milk  and  grain :  — 


76      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 


I.  WITH  AN  ABUNDANCE  OP  SKIM  MILK 


Live  weight  of  animal 

Com  meal  and  sleim  milk 

Nutritive  ratio 

20  to    70  pounds 

70  to  130  pounds 

130  to  200  pounds 

2  oz.  meal  to  each  quart  of  milk 
4  oz.  meal  to  each  quart  of  milk 
6  oz.  meal  to  each  quart  of  milk 

1:3 

1:4 
1:5 

ii.  with  milk  in  limited  supply  (4  to  5  quarts 

daily) 

Same  proportions  of  meal  and  milk  as  in  I,  and  a  combination  of  grain 
in  different  proportions  to  satisfy  appetites  as  follows:  — 


Live  weight  of  animxil 

Grain  mixture  (by  weight)  to 
supplement  meal  and  milk 

Gluten  meal 

Wheat  bran 

Corn  meal 

20  to    70  pounds 

2 
1 
1 

1 

1 
1 

I 

70  to  130  pounds 

1 

130  to  200  pounds 

2 

He  fed  rations  with  a  narrow  nutritive  ratio  at  first, 
when  the  young  animal  was  in  need  of  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  nitrogenous  matter,  increasing  the  carbo- 
hydrates as  the  animal  grew.  A  ration  with  a  too  nar- 
row ratio  after  the  animals  have  reached  100  pounds 
in  weight  retarded  growth.  He  found  it  to  be  poor 
economy  to  keep  the  pig  after  it  has  reached  a  weight 
of  200  pounds.  After  that  time  the  food-cost  of  a  pound 
of  growth  was  in  excess  of  its  usual  market  value.  He 
presented  very  elaborate  tables,  showing  the  total 
amoimts  of  feed  consumed  by  each  pig,  the  total  dry 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  77 

matter  in  the  feed,  gain  in  live  weight,  shrinkage  in 
dressing,  the  amount  of  dry  matter  required  to  pro- 
duce a  pound  of  dressed  weight,  and  the  food-cost  of  a 
pound  of  hve  and  dressed  weight.  The  results  of  these 
various  experiments  with  140  pigs,  and  a  number  of 
later  ones  made  by  the  writer,  have  been  summarized 
by  him  in  the  Eleventh  Report  of  the  Hatch  Experiment 
Station,  pages  36-42. 

V.  Feeding  experiments  with  steers  (1889-1894). 

Professor  Goessmann  undertook  a  series  of  experi- 
ments with  grade  Shorthorn  steers  to  ascertain  (a)  the 
most  suitable  fodder  rations;  (6)  the  cost  of  beef  pro- 
duction in  New  England;  (c)  the  average  daily  gain  in 
live  weight;  and  {d)  to  compare  the  relative  merits  of 
summer  soiling  versus  pasture. 

The  steers  were,  in  some  cases,  sent  to  what  was 
termed  good  pasture,  and  in  other  cases,  soiled.  Dur- 
ing the  seven  autumn,  winter,  and  spring  months  they 
were  fed  on  corn  fodder,  corn  silage,  hay,  and  a  variety 
of  grains  and  by-products.  In  the  writer's  judgment 
the  steers  were  not  ideal  ones  for  beef-production,  al- 
though they  were  the  best  that  could  be  found  in  the 
local  markets.  Well-bred  blocky  steers  probably  would 
have  given  rather  better  returns  for  the  food  con- 
sumed. 

The  results  of  these  experiments  are  briefly  stated :  — 

(a)  The  most  economical  coarse  fodders  consisted 
of  com  fodder,  corn  silage,  some  corn  stover,  and  mini- 
mum amounts  of  hay.  The  grains  used  at  different 
times  were  wheat  bran,  cottonseed  meal,  gluten  meal, 


78      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

gluten  feed,  and  linseed  meal,  selected  naturally  with 
reference  to  their  market  cost. 

(6)  The  food-cost  of  producing  a  pound  of  live  weight 
was  10.58  cents.  The  original  cost  of  the  steers  and 
the  total  cost  of  food  consumed  was  $817.50,  and  the 
selling  price  of  the  steers  $460.91,  leaving  a  loss 
of  $356.59.  A  reasonable  allowance  for  the  manure 
would  have  been  $161.00,  still  leaving  a  deficit  of 
$195.59. 

(c)  The  average  daily  gain  in  live  weight  for  all 
steers  was  1.24  pounds. 

(d)  In  the  case  of  the  steers  at  pasture,  the  average 
daily  gain  was  .63  pound,  and  in  the  case  of  the  steers 
that  were  soiled  1.63  pounds.  The  steers  made  very 
poor  gains  at  pasture,  and  it  seemed  evident  that  in 
order  to  secure  satisfactory  results  ordinary  pasturage 
must  be  supplemented  with  some  roughage  or  grain. 
In  spite  of  the  additional  daily  gain  when  a  system 
of  entire  soiling  was  followed,  the  cost  of  this  method 
is  likely  to  be  prohibitive  from  the  standpoint  of 
economy. 

VI.  Feeding  experiments  with  lambs  (1890-1893). 

Three  experiments  were  conducted  with  18  lambs 
dropped  in  the  spring,  and  fed  during  the  following 
winter  and  early  spring  months.  Observations  were 
made  on  the  most  suitable  roughage  and  grains,  and 
on  combinations  of  the  same  for  growth  and  economy. 

The  results  secured  were  much  the  same  as  those 
secured  for  steers.  The  same  feeds  and  feed  combina- 
tions as  fed  to  steers  produced  essentially  the  same 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  79 

results  when  fed  to  lambs.  The  cost  of  the  sheep  and 
food  at  market  rates,  including  a  liberal  valuation  of 
the  manure,  about  equalled  the  selling  price  of  the 
lambs.  It  is  probable  that,  figured  at  present  prices, 
the  returns  would  be  more  favourable.  At  that  time, 
however,  there  did  not  seem  to  be  any  direct  profit  in 
growing  yearling  lambs.  The  only  advantage  seemed 
to  be  the  selling  of  roughage  at  market  rates  and  the 
securing  of  a  valuable  manure  for  crop  production. 
The  data  secured  by  Goessmann  were  interesting  and 
valuable. 

Vn.  Fodder  com  raised  upon  worn-out  meadow  lands 
partly  fertilized  with  one  or  two  special  articles  of  plant- 
food  and  partly  without  the  use  of  any  manurial  matter 
(1883-1888). 

The  object  of  this  experiment  was  to  ascertain  if 
land  that  had  been  for  a  long  time  cropped  with  grass 
and  com  —  the  usual  method  of  rotation  practised  by 
many  farmers  at  the  time  —  was  suffering  from  general 
or  special  exhaustion.  The  one  and  one-tenth  acres 
used  for  this  purpose  were  divided  into  one-tenth  acre 
plats  and  known  as  Field  A.  During  1883  and  1884  the 
land  was  planted  with  com  without  the  application  of 
any  forai  of  plant-food,  and  showed  unmistakably  pro- 
nounced evidence  of  general  or  special  exhaustion. 
Beginning  in  1885,  different  single  articles  of  plant- 
food  were  applied  —  nitrate  of  soda,  ammonium  sul- 
phate, dried  blood,  dissolved  boneblack,  muriate  of 
potash,  and  sulphate  of  p>otash-magnesia.  There  were 
three  nothing  plats  and  one  fallow  plat.  At  the  close 


80      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

of  the  experiment  in  1888,  the  following  facts  were 
clearly  in  evidence:  — 

(1)  The  soil  was  found  to  be  especially  deficient  in 
available  potash  as  a  result  of  the  continued  close  rota- 
tion of  grasses  and  corn. 

(2)  The  plats  to  which  potash  only  was  applied  re- 
sponded readily  with  increased  yields.  After  three 
years  these  plats  began  to  show  a  decided  shrinkage  in 
crop-production  and  more  complete  fertilizers  were 
needed  to  maintain  the  yield. 

(3)  Allowing  land  to  be  fallow  does  not  materially 
benefit  its  productiveness,  and  should  be  discour- 
aged. (Photographs  of  the  yield  on  the  different  plats 
appear  in  the  sixth  report  of  the  Station.)  The 
above  experiment  was  considered  at  the  time  a  very 
striking  illustration  of  the  exhaustion  of  available 
soil  potash  by  the  continued  cropping  with  grass  and 
com. 

Vin.  Field  experiments  to  compare  the  influence  of  an 
addition  of  nitrogen  in  different  combinations  to  the  soil 
under  cultivation  on  the  general  character  of  the  crop  and 
the  annual  yield  (1889-1892). 

The  same  field  (A)  which  was  used  for  the  previously 
described  experiment  was  employed  in  the  present 
case.  All  of  the  11  plats  received  an  equal  amount  of 
potash  in  the  form  of  muriate  or  double  sulphate  of 
potash  and  magnesia,  and  of  phosphoric  acid  as  dis- 
solved boneblack.  The  nitrogen  was  supplied  in  the 
forms  of  barnyard  manure,  nitrate  of  soda,  sulphate  of 
ammonia,  and  dried  blood.  Three  plats  did  not  re- 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  81 

ceive  nitrogen  in  any  form.   The  crops  grown  were 
com,  oats,  rye,  and  soy  beans. 

The  results  of  four  years'  observation  showed  quite 
clearly  that  the  application  of  some  form  of  nitrogen 
was  necessary  in  order  to  secure  remunerative  crops. 
Even  soy  beans,  a  nitrogen  gatherer,  did  not  take  suffi- 
cient air  nitrogen  to  produce  a  normal  yield.  The  fal- 
low plat,  after  several  years'  cultivation,  was  still  be- 
hind the  other  plats  in  crop  yield.  Beginning  with 
1893,  and  continuing  through  1896,  a  legume  (soy 
beans)  was  alternated  with  a  non-legume  (oats),  to 
note  if  the  frequent  cultivation  of  a  legume  would 
gradually  increase  the  available  nitrogen  in  the  soil  so 
that  it  would  not  be  necessary  to  apply  fertilizer  nitro- 
gen. At  the  close  of  the  experiment  in  1896  it  was 
observed  that  the  'introduction  of  an  annual  legumi- 
nous crop  into  our  rotation  had  somewhat  reduced  the 
difference  in  yield  between  the  plats  receiving  no  nitro- 
gen and  those  receiving  it,  yet  had  not  entirely  oblit- 
erated it.'  The  plats  at  that  time  which  had  not  re- 
ceived any  nitrogen  proved  one-seventh  to  one-eighth 
less  productive  than  the  others.  After  1896  advancing 
years  made  it  necessary  for  Professor  Goessmann  to 
discontinue  his  field  experiments.  This  experiment 
was  continued  by  Brooks,  and  further  information 
will  be  found  in  the  ninth  and  later  reports  of  the 
Hatch  Experiment  Station. 

IX.  Experiments  with  potatoes  (1884-1888). 
This  experiment  was  undertaken  originally  for  the 
purpK)se  of  studying  the  effect  of  muriate  and  double 


82      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

sulphate  of  potash-magnesia  on  the  quantity  and  qual- 
ity of  potatoes.  Before  the  experiment  had  been  in 
progress  long,  a  scabby  condition  of  the  crop  resulted, 
which  led  to  a  study  of  the  cause  of  this  trouble.  Goess- 
mann  states  that  'neither  a  liberal  use  of  our  own  mix- 
ture of  commercial  manurial  substances  rich  in  potash 
compounds  nor  the  selection  of  a  fair  quality  of  seed 
potatoes  from  another  locality  had  affected  our  results; 
.  .  .  for  the  entire  crop  with  scarcely  any  exception  was 
badly  disfigured  by  scab.*  The  conclusions  were  as 
follows :  — 

(1)  Medium-sized  whole  potatoes  give  better  results 
as  far  as  a  large-sized  marketable  crop  is  concerned 
than  half  potatoes  obtained  from  tubers  of  a  corre- 
sponding size. 

(2)  The  sulphate  of  potash  produced  better  results 
than  muriate  of  potash. 

(3)  Some  peculiar  condition  of  the  soil  is  considered 
the  real  cause  of  the  scabby  condition.  (Photographs 
of  the  scabby  potatoes  are  given  in  the  sixth  report  of 
the  Station,  page  131.) 

It  is  evident  that  this  scabby  condition  seriously 
interfered  with  the  experiment  as  originally  planned. 
It  led  to  observations  on  the  cause  of  the  scab,  and  to 
the  conclusion  that  the  seat  of  the  trouble  lay  in  the 
soil.  Later  investigations  by  botanists  showed  it  to  be 
a  parasitic  organism. 

X.  Experiment  with  root  crops  (1887-1888). 
A  brief  discussion  is  given  of  the  general  character  of 
roots  and  their  place  in  the  farm  economy.  Seed  was 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  83 

obtained  from  the  United  States  Department  of  Agri- 
culture, of  several  varieties  of  mangolds,  sugar  beets, 
turnips,  and  carrots.  They  were  grown  upon  the  Sta- 
tion grounds,  observations  recorded  of  the  methods  of 
cultivation,  photographs  taken  and  published  of  the 
more  promising  varieties,  and  detailed  chemical  analy- 
ses were  made  and  published. 

XI.  Experiments  to  study  the  economy  of  using  differ- 
ent commercial  sources  of  phosphoric  acid  for  manurial 
purposes  in  farm  practice  (1890-1897).^ 

The  soil  had  been  in  grass  for  a  long  time,  and  its 
supply  of  available  plant-food  had  become  greatly 
reduced.  During  1887-1888-1889  it  was  planted  with 
crops  to  still  further  exhaust  the  phosphoric  acid.  The 
field  was  divided  into  five  plats,  a  definite  amount  of 
the  same  form  of  nitrogen  and  potash  added,  and  five 
different  sources  of  phosphoric  acid  applied  on  the 
basis  of  their  market  value,  namely,  127  pounds  of 
basic  slag,  128  pounds  of  Mona  guano,  304  pounds  of 
apatite,^  131  pounds  of  South  Carolina  phosphate,  and 
78  pounds  of  dissolved  boneblack.  On  the  basis  of  one 
acre,  such  applications  were  at  the  rate  of  850  pounds 
for  slag,  Mona  guano,  and  South  Carolina  phosphate, 
2000  pounds  of  apatite,  and  500  pounds  of  boneblack. 
In  1894  and  thereafter  the  phosphoric  acid  application 

^  Goessmann  discontinued  this  work  with  the  season  of  1896,  and  it  was 
brought  to  a  conclusion  in  1901  by  Brooks. 

*  In  1891,  apatite  could  not  be  secured,  hence  phosphoric  acid  was  not 
applied  to  this  plat.  In  1892, 129  pounds  of  Florida  bard  phosphate  were 
substituted  —  equal  to  850  pounds  per  acre.  It  could  not  be  considered 
fair  to  this  phosphate  to  compare  it  with  others  which  bad  been  applied 
two  years  longer. 


84      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

was  omitted  in  order  to  get  the  residual  effect,  while 
the  supply  of  nitrogen  and  potash  was  increased  one- 
half. 

The  crops  and  yields  in  the  several  years  were  as 
follows  in  pounds:  — 


1890 

1891 

1892 

1893 

1894 

1895 

1896 

Fertilizer 

1 

1 

11 

O 

1 

a 

1 

g 

Basic  slag 

1600 
1415 
1500 
1830 
2120 

380 
340 
215 
380 
405 

4070 
3410 
2750 
3110 
2920 

1660 
1381 
1347 
1469 
1322 

490 
405 
290 
460 
390 

695 
630 
383 
759 
625 

254 

Mona  guano 

Florida  phosphate.  .  . 

S.C.  phosphate 

Dis.  boneblack 

233 

262 
252 

247 

TOTAL  PHOSPHORIC   ACID   ADDED   AND   REMOVED 

1890-1896 


Fertilizer 

Amount 

added 

(pounds) 

Amount 
removed 
(pounds) 

Per  cent 
removed 
(pounds) 

Basic  slag 

96.72 

72.04 

165.70 

144.48 

49.36 

31.11 

27.81 
23.98 
29.46 

27.57 

32.17 

Mona  guano 

38.60 

Florida  phosphate 

14.47 

S.C.  phosphate 

20.39 

Dis.  boneblack 

55.85 

As  a  result  of  these  observations  Goessmann  con- 
cluded that  for  the  first  two  years  the  dissolved  bone- 
black  led,  while  afterwards  the  insoluble  phosphates 
were  ahead  in  the  following  order:  basic  slag,  South 
Carolina  phosphate,  and  Mona  guano. 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  85 

On  the  basis  of  money  value,  Goessmann's  conclu- 
sions appear  correct;  on  the  basis  of  phosphoric  acid 
applied  and  removed,  it  is  shown  by  the  preceding 
table  that  dissolved  boneblack  led,  followed  by  Mona 
guano,  basic  slag.  South  Carolina  phosphate,  and 
Florida  phosphate.  Brooks  sowed  Swedish  turnips  in 
1897,  and  found  that  the  Mona  guano  produced  by 
far  the  largest  yield. 

It  may  be  remarked  that  this  experiment  was  faulty 
in  that  (a)  no  check  plat  or  plats  were  included  from 
which  the  phosphoric  acid  had  been  omitted;  (6)  the 
ceasing  to  apply  the  various  phosphates  after  1894  was 
unfair  to  the  dissolved  boneblack  when  the  results  are 
based  upon  crop-yield,  it  being  necessary  in  order  to 
secure  the  best  returns  to  apply  relatively  small 
amounts  of  the  soluble  phosphates  each  year;  (c)  the 
application  of  definite  amounts  of  phosphoric  acid  as 
above  stated  would  have  been  preferable  to  money 
value  in  judging  the  relative  effects  of  the  several 
forms  as  sources  of  plant-food. 

Xn.  Experiments  vntk  grass-lands  to  determine  the 
effects  of  different  forms  of  plant-food  on  permanent 
meadows  (1889-1895). 

The  moist  meadow  on  the  east  side  of  the  county 
road  was  underdrained  and  divided  into  four  plats. 
Plat  I  contained  1.92  acres;  Plat  II,  1.92  acres;  Plat 
m,  2.41  acres;  and  Plat  IV,  3  acres. 

The  first  two  plats  received  barnyard  manure  at 
first  in  different  amounts,  to  ascertain  its  limit  of 
usefulness.   In  1892  Plat  I  received  at  the  rate  of 


86      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

8  tons  and  Plat  U  at  the  rate  of  6  tons  of  manure 
per  acre. 

Plat  III  received  600  pounds  of  fine  ground  bone  and 
200  pounds  of  muriate  of  potash  per  acre. 

Plat  IV  received  one  ton  of  Canada  ashes  per 
acre. 

In  1893,  Plats  I  and  U  were  combined  and  used  as 
one  plat.  Beginning  with  this  year  also  a  system  of 
rotation  in  manuring  was  instituted,  Plats  I  and  H 
receiving  wood  ashes,  Plat  IH  barnyard  manure,  and 
Plat  IV  bone  and  potash.  This  same  system  was  con- 
tinued in  1894.  In  1895,  another  rotation  of  the  same 
manures  was  instituted.  At  the  close  of  this  year  Plat 
I,  which  had  received  manure  for  most  of  the  time,  had 
averaged  at  the  rate  of  3.56  tons;  Plat  HI,  3.25  tons; 
and  Plat  IV,  2.90  tons  of  hay  to  the  acre.  These  experi- 
ments were  continued  by  Brooks.  After  the  plats  had 
been  in  grass  ten  years.  Brooks  stated  that  since  1893, 
during  the  continuance  of  the  rotation  system  of 
manuring,  the  field  had  averaged  3.4  tons  of  hay  and 
rowen  per  acre.  The  plats  when  dressed  with  manure 
averaged  3.6  tons,  with  bone  and  potash  3.33  tons,  and 
with  ashes  3.27  tons  per  acre.  Brooks  further  says  that 
*this  system  of  using  these  different  manures  for  grass 
lands  in  rotation  has  much  to  commend  it.  It  is 
simple  and  has  given  remarkably  good  crops.'  The 
writer  remarks  that  it  shows  what  natural  grass-land 
can  be  made  to  produce  when  fairly  well  fertilized  each 
year.  Moisture  and  plant-food  are  the  controlling  fac- 
tors in  hay  production. 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  87 

Xm.  Field  experiTtients  regarding  the  effect  of  differ- 
ent combinations  of  commercial  fertilizer  on  the  yield  of 
some  prominent  garden  crops  (1892-1897) . 

Six  plats  of  one-eighth  of  an  acre  each,  known  as 
Field  C  (each  88  x  62  ft.),  were  laid  out  and  treated  with 
50  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  in  the  form  of  dissolved 
boneblack,  60  pounds  of  nitrogen  in  the  forms  of  ni- 
trate of  soda,  sulphate  of  ammonia,  or  dried  blood,  and 
120  pounds  of  potash  in  the  fonn  of  muriate  or  high- 
grade  sulphate. 

The  object  of  the  experiment  was  to  test  dried  blood, 
nitrate  of  soda,  and  sulphate  of  ammonia,  combined 
with  muriate  of  potash  and  high-grade  sulphate  of 
potash. 

A  number  of  rows  of  each  of  the  following  crops 
were  planted  on  each  plat  during  the  several  years : 
celery,  lettuce,  spinach,  beets,  cabbages,  tomatoes, 
potatoes,  beans,  onions,  com.  In  1894-1895-1896, 
onions,  sweet  com,  beans,  and  tomatoes  constituted 
the  crops  grown. 

As  a  result  of  his  observ^ations  through  1896,  he 
draws  the  following  conclusions :  — 

(1)  Sulphate  of  potash,  with  nitrate  of  soda,  has 
given  in  every  case  (excepting  onions)  the  best  results. 

(2)  Nitrate  of  soda  as  a  nitrogen  source  has  yielded 
in  almost  every  case,  without  reference  to  the  source  of 
potash,  the  best  results. 

(3)  Sulphate  of  ammonia  and  muriate  of  potash  have 
given,  as  a  rule,  the  least  satisfactory  results.  The  fact 
is  due  evidently  to  the  change  of  chloride  of  potash 
and  sulphate  of  ammonia  into  sulphate  of  potash  and 


88      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

chloride  of  ammonia,  the  latter  being  an  unfavourable 
form  of  nitrogen  plant-food.  The  above  was  not  posi- 
tively demonstrated  but  only  assumed.  It  may  have 
been  the  case,  however. 

(4)  The  influence  of  the  weather,  particularly  the 
rainfall  .  .  .  has  been  greater  than  that  of  the  different 
fertilizers  upon  the  different  plats  during  the  same 
season.  It  was  evident  that  the  lack  of  moisture  played 
a  very  important  role  in  the  yield  of  the  several  crops. 
This  experiment  was  continued  on  the  above  plan 
through  1897,  by  Brooks,  who  drew  substantially  simi- 
lar conclusions  to  the  above.  Beginning  with  1898,  it 
was  modified.  (Eleventh  Report  of  the  Hatch  Experi- 
ment Station,  page  67.) 

XIV.  Field  experiments  to  compare  the  effect  of  ham- 
yard  manure  with  Canada  ashes  and  mixtures  of  com- 
mercial fertilizing  materials  on  farm  crops  (1888-1894). 

The  land  for  this  experiment  was  situated  east  of  the 
county  road,  bounded  on  the  north  by  *  Lovers'  Lane,* 
so-called,  and  on  the  east  by  woods.  It  was  to  the  east 
of  the  meadow  used  for  experiments  with  grass.  Five 
plats  of  substantially  nine-tenths  of  an  acre  each  were 
used,  divided  by  strips  14  feet  wide.  The  land  had  been 
in  grass  previously,  but  in  1888  was  ploughed  and  fer- 
tilized with  ashes.  The  only  difference  in  the  treatment 
of  the  five  plats  consisted  in  supplying  different  forms 
of  plant-food  as  follows: 

Plat     I  —  10  tons  barnyard  manure  per  acre, 

Plat   n  —    1  ton  Canada  ashes  per  acre. 

Plat  III  —       without  fertilizer. 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  89 

Plat  IV  —  600  lbs.  ground  bone  and  200  lbs.  muriate 

of  potash  per  acre, 
Plat    V  —  600  lbs.  ground  bone  and  400  lbs.  double 
sulphate  of  potash-magnesia  per 
acre. 
The  following  crops  were  grown  during  the  several 
years:  barley,  oats,  dent  corn,  vetch  and  oats,  Scotch 
tares,  soy  beans,  Canada  peas,  and  oats.  Several  crops 
were  planted  as  a  part  of  the  same  plat  in  each  year, 
the  conditions  on  all  of  the  plats  being  uniform. 

As  a  result  of  these  observations,  the  following  gen- 
eral deductions  were  drawn:  — 

(1)  In  1890  the  effect  of  bone  and  different  forms  of 
potash  compared  very  well  with  stable  manure,  as  did 
also  Canada  ashes.  Part  of  this  favourable  effect  Goess- 
mann  ascribes  to  the  organic  matter  in  the  soil  derived 
from  the  sod  turned  under  in  1888. 

(2)  Sulphate  of  potash-magnesia  has  given  rather 
better  results  than  the  muriate  with  legumes. 

(3)  The  yield  of  the  unfertilized  plat  in  1891  showed 
a  noticeable  decline  as  compared  with  the  fertilized 
plats  (one- third  less). 

(4)  Seeding  in  drills  in  all  cases  gave  a  larger  yield  of 
grain  than  seeding  broadcast. 

(5)  Muriate  of  potash  seems  to  produce  larger  yield 
in  case  of  grain  crop. 

(6)  Soy  beans  should  be  planted  in  drills,  otherwise 
they  are  interfered  with  by  weeds. 

(7)  Vetch  and  oats  yield  larger  crops  earlier  in  the 
season  than  soy  beans.  They  also  yield  a  larger  crop 
of  dry  fodder  for  winter  use. 


90      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

(8)  Both  vetch  and  oats  and  soy  beans  make  a  valu- 
able ensilage.  Two  parts,  by  weight,  of  corn  and  one 
part  of  beans  are  desirable  proportions. 

In  1890  Goessniann  began  to  set  out  the  above  five 
plats  to  fruit  trees  —  apples,  pears,  and  peaches. 
Plums  were  added  in  1893,  and  in  the  autumn  of  that 
year  the  plats  were  seeded  to  rye  and  grass.  After  that, 
these  plats  were  treated  as  an  orchard.  The  experi- 
ment was  continued  by  Brooks,  and  eventually  the 
apple  trees  only  were  allowed  to  remain.  The  apple 
trees  are  now  full  grown,  and  the  experiment  has 
yielded  valuable  information  which  has  been  reported 
by  Brooks  in  the  later  reports  of  this  Station. 

XV.  Field  experiments  with  tobacco  in  Massachusetts. 
(Bulletin  No.  47,  Hatch  Experiment  Station,  1893- 
1896.) 

These  experiments  were  carried  on  in  Hatfield,  West- 
field,  and  Agawam  in  co-operation  with  the  so-called 
Valley  Tobacco  Experiment  Association.  Expert  to- 
bacco-growers had  special  supervision  of  the  experi- 
ments in  each  of  the  three  towns.  Twelve  plats,  each 
one-twentieth  of  an  acre,  which  were  laid  out  by  a 
representative  of  the  Station,  served  for  the  trial. 
Potassium  oxide  was  applied  at  the  rate  of  300 
pounds,  available  phosphoric  acid  60  pounds,  and 
nitrogen  100  pounds  to  the  acre.  One-fourth  of  the 
nitrogen  was  in  the  form  of  nitrate  of  soda  and 
potash. 

The  crop  was  cut,  housed,  and  stripped  under  expert 
supervision. 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  91 

Among  the  many  conclusions  drawn  may  be  men- 
tioned the  following:  — 

(1)  A  careless  use  of  cultivator  or  hoe  checks  growth 
of  plants  and  modifies  their  structure  and  general 
character. 

(2)  Different  fertilizer  combinations  have  had  less 
effect  upon  the  quantity  than  upon  the  quality  of 
the  crop.  New  land  naturally  suited  to  tobacco 
and  cropped  for  a  number  of  years  to  exhaust  the 
available  plant-food,  served  much  better  for  the 
experiment  than  land  upon  which  tobacco  had  been 
continuously  grown  and  which  had  been  heavily 
fertilized. 

(3)  Cottonseed  and  linseed  meals  and  castor  pomace 
all  proved  equally  desirable  sources  of  nitrogen  when 
used  in  connexion  with  nitrate  of  soda  or  potash. 

(4)  Nitrate  of  soda,  used  together  with  acid  phos- 
phate or  dissolved  boneblack,  proved  more  satisfactory 
than  nitrate  of  potash. 

(5)  Cottonseed  hull  ashes  and  high-grade  sulphate 
of  potash  proved  the  most  valuable  potash  sources, 
the  former  being  preferred  in  most  cases.  Nitrate 
of  potash  was  very  satisfactory  when  used  in  com- 
bination with  an  alkaline  phosphate  such  as  basic 
slag  or  with  carbonate  of  potash-magnesia.  Sul- 
phate of  potash-magnesia  did  not  give  satisfactory 
results. 

Other  interesting  observations  concerning  the  prob- 
able effect  of  fertilizers  on  colour  of  ash,  observations 
with  barnyard  manure,  etc.,  will  be  found  in  the 
bulletin. 


92      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

XVI.  Compilaiion  of  tables  of  analyses  of  fertilizer 
chemicals  and  fertilizer  by-products,  cattle  feeds,  dairy 
products,  and  fruits. 

The  chemists  of  the  Experiment  Station  were  always 
busy,  and  as  time  passed  a  very  large  nimiber  of  anal- 
yses accumulated.  In  1887,  in  order  to  make  them 
more  readily  available,  Goessmann  made  his  first  tabu- 
lation, which  included  all  analyses  made  since  1868. 
These  compilations  have  been  continued  by  the  writer 
and  his  co-workers  with  such  modifications  and  en- 
largements as  circimistances  advised. 

XVII.  Water  analyses. 

Free  analyses  of  drinking  water  were  made  as  early 
as  1883.  In  the  second  report  of  the  Station  he  dwelt 
upon  the  importance  of  pure  water  upon  the  farm. 
The  analyses  made  from  year  to  year  indicated  fre- 
quent contamination,  both  from  sewage  and  from  the 
use  of  lead  pipe.  Each  year  a  large  mmaber  of  samples 
were  received  from  different  citizens  of  the  state,  and 
in  1903,  because  of  an  abuse  of  the  privilege,  a  small 
charge  for  an  analysis  was  imposed  and  the  water  was 
required  to  be  shipped  in  containers  supplied  by  the 
Station. 

XVm.  Meteorology. 

Beginning  in  1883,  a  systematic  record  was  kept  of 
the  weather,  including  temperature,  wind,  humidity, 
and  rainfall.  One  of  the  assistant  chemists  was  espe- 
cially charged  with  this  work.  In  his  first  report  he  says : 
'The  importance  of  meteorological  data  in  connexion 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  93 

with  observations  upon  plants  and  animals  is  apparent 
to  all.  No  conclusions  are  firmly  grounded  until  the 
conditions  of  temperature,  moisture,  and  sunlight  have 
been  duly  considered.'  Similar  or  more  complete  ob- 
servations were  continued  after  the  Massachusetts 
Station  was  merged  in  the  Hatch  Station. 

XIX.  Miscellaneous  work. 

In  addition  to  the  work  already  reviewed,  many 
other  experiments  were  made  and  reported  which  were 
of  value  at  the  time.  Among  these  may  be  mentioned 
temperature  conditions  in  the  silo  for  several  weeks 
after  filling,  a  continuation  of  his  observations  on  the 
effect  of  different  forms  of  potash  in  fruit-culture,  a 
study  of  the  conditions  in  two  local  creameries,  and  the 
composition  of  the  milk  of  different  breeds  of  cows. 

As  a  conclusion  to  the  brief  review  of  the  scientific 
papers  and  the  experiments  undertaken  by  Goessmann 
from  the  beginning  of  his  connexion  with  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College  in  1868  until  his  retire- 
ment in  1907,  one  cannot  fail  to  be  impressed  with  the 
wonderful  energy  displayed  by  him.  He  was  not  a 
rapid  worker,  but  he  succeeded  in  accomplishing  much 
because  of  his  steady  and  long-continued  application. 
He  took  comparatively  few  vacations.  He  possessed  a 
strong  constitution  and  a  phlegmatic  temperament. 
His  pleasant  home  life,  together  with  his  garden,  his 
shrubbery  and  trees,  were  his  constant  sources  of 
recreation  and  enjoyment.  Vacations  were  to  hira  in 
reality  more  a  duty  than  a  pleasure.  He  did  practically 


94      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

no  chemical  work  himself  after  he  became  director  of 
the  Station,  devoting  all  his  time  to  executive  work, 
including  correspondence,  and  particularly  to  study- 
ing the  work  of  foreign  investigators. 

While  he  did  not  possess  any  practical  agricultural 
experience  previous  to  coming  to  Massachusetts,  he 
studied  thoroughly  the  agricultural  conditions  of  the 
state  in  order  to  see  just  how  the  College  and  Experi- 
ment Station  could  be  of  most  use  to  the  farming  in- 
terests. In  all  his  lines  of  work,  his  aim  seemed  to  be 
not  so  much  to  study  fundamental  problems  in  agricul- 
tural chemistry  as  to  show  how  chemistry  could  be 
applied  to  help  improve  farm  operations. 

Thus,  in  animal  nutrition  he  endeavoured  to  illus- 
trate the  need  of  a  greater  diversity  of  coarse  fodders, 
and  the  special  value  of  the  legumes;  to  show  by  actual 
feeding  trials  the  value  of  the  rapidly  increasing  num- 
ber of  concentrated  protein  by-products.  In  his  feed- 
ing trials  with  pigs,  steers,  and  sheep,  his  object  was  to 
show  the  farmer  how  best  to  utilize  the  by-products  of 
the  dairy  and  the  roughages  of  the  farm  in  order  to 
produce  pork,  beef,  and  mutton  with  the  greatest 
economy.  In  addition  to  applying  the  principles  of 
animal  nutrition  as  they  were  known,  his  constant 
thought  was  that  of  economy  in  the  feeding  of  ani- 
mals, the  getting  of  data  that  would  show  the  farmer 
the  cost  of  producing  a  definite  amount  of  animal 
products. 

In  experiments  in  the  field  his  object  was  first  to 
secure  data  on  the  general  chemical  composition  of 
different  soils;  to  note  if  a  failure  to  produce  crops  was 


THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION  95 

due  to  general  or  special  depletion  of  fertility;  to  ob- 
serve the  relative  values  of  different  forms  of  the  most 
important  elements  of  plant-food  and  their  effect  in 
improving  the  growth  of  different  farm  crops.  For 
example,  he  sought  to  ascertain  the  value  of  different 
forms  of  phosphoric  acid,  nitrogen,  and  potash,  and 
their  specific  effects  on  the  yield  and,  whenever  pos- 
sible, upon  the  quality  of  fodder  crops,  vegetables,  and 
fruits. 

He  used  the  chemical  laboratory,  not  so  much  to 
study  fundamental  chemical  problems,  as  to  ascertain 
the  proximate  chemical  composition  of  soils,  of  ferti- 
lizers and  by-products  having  a  manurial  value,  of 
cattle  feeds,  dairy  products,  fruits,  and  vegetables. 
Such  data  were  very  scanty  at  the  time  and  it  was 
necessary  to  secure  them  as  a  basis  for  future  work. 

In  addition  to  descriptions  of  his  own  experiments, 
one  finds  in  the  various  reports  of  the  Experiment 
Station  brief  papers  explaining  the  scientific  principles 
underlying  the  subject.  He  had  read  thoroughly  the 
works  of  the  German,  French,  and  English  investiga- 
tors, and  he  was  thus  able  to  present  to  his  readers 
the  most  advanced  views  of  the  day  on  the  problem 
under  consideration. 

One  can  readily  see  that  the  many  practical  prob- 
lems confronting  him  on  every  side,  together  with  the 
lack  of  appreciation  of  strictly  scientific  inquiry  by 
many  of  the  farmers  of  the  day,  prevented  him  from 
undertaking  any  very  fundamental  research  work.  He 
was  of  necessity  a  pioneer  in  the  cause  of  agricultural 
investigation.   If,  at  the  present  time,  at  the  age  of 


96      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

thirty,  he  had  come  to  this  country  with  a  relatively 
similar  training  to  that  which  he  possessed  in  1857,  he 
undoubtedly  would  have  attacked  and  solved  some  of 
the  more  intricate  agricultural  problems  now  con- 
fronting us.  He  was  contemporary  with  Hilgard  of 
California,  Johnson  of  Connecticut,  Cook  of  New 
Jersey,  and  Kedzie  of  Michigan,  all  of  whom  greatly 
widened  the  horizon  and  enriched  our  knowledge  of 
agricultural  science  and  practice. 

J.  B.  L. 


CHAPTER  VI 

LATER  YEARS 

On  the  28th  of  July  1880,  Dr.  Goessmann  attended 
a  convention  of  the  leading  agricultural  chemists  of 
the  country  at  Washington.  At  this  gathering  he  of- 
fered the  following  resolution,  which  was  adopted :  — 
'Resolved,  That  this  Convention  form  a  section  in  the 
subdivision  of  Chemistry  of  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  that  the  next 
meeting  be  held  in  Boston,  during  the  regular  meeting 
of  the  aforesaid  Association.'  A  permanent  organiza- 
tion was  then  effected  under  the  name  of  the  Associa- 
tion of  Agricultural  Chemists,^  and  Dr.  Goessmann 
was  made  chairman.  Goessmann's  reputation  as  a 
technical  and  agricultural  chemist  had  long  been 
firmly  established,  and  his  election  to  this  office  was  a 
fitting  recognition  of  his  services  and  contributions  to 
those  branches  of  chemical  science.  Earlier  in  the  year 
he  had  been  unanimously  elected  State  Chemist  of 
North  Carolina,  to  fill  the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the 
resignation  of  Dr.  Albert  R.  Ledoux.  This  position, 
however,  he  had  declined. 

In  1881  and  1882  he  served  as  a  member  of  the  com- 
mittee appointed  by  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences 
to  investigate  and  report  on  the  scientific  and  economic 

*  Reorganized,  September  8, 1884,  as  the  Association  of  OflBcial  Agricul- 
tural Chemists  of  the  United  States. 


98      CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

relations  of  the  sorghum-sugar  industry  in  the  United 
States.  Averse  to  controversy,  and  rather  than  risk 
being  entangled  in  disputes,  —  so  little  to  his  taste,  — 
he  finally  withdrew  from  the  committee.  From  1883 
to  1904  he  was  analyst  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  of 
Massachusetts,  and  from  1886  until  his  death  chemist 
to  the  Bay  State  Agricultural  Society. 

He  was  a  member  of  several  of  the  leading  scientific 
societies  and  academies,  both  at  home  and  abroad. 
Some  of  these  have  already  been  mentioned  and  others 
will  be  found  in  the  Chronology.  In  1865  he  was 
elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences.  In  1869  he  joined  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  and  in 
1875  was  elected  a  fellow.  One  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  founded  in 
1876,  he  was  a  vice-president  in  1877,  and  again  in 
1881  and  1882.  In  1887  he  succeeded  Dr.  Albert  B. 
Prescott  as  president.  In  1880  he  was  one  of  a  com- 
mittee of  three  appointed  to  represent  the  Society  at 
the  centennial  celebration  of  the  American  Academy 
of  Arts  and  Sciences.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the 
general  committee  of  arrangements  for  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  celebration  of  the  Chemical  Society 
in  1901. 

Goessmann  was  one  of  the  twelve  scientists  who,  at 
a  meeting  held  in  Boston  in  April  1880,  organized  the 
Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural  Science.  In 
1893  he  was  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Council  on 
Chemistry  of  the  World's  Congress  Auxiliary  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition,  and  was  invited  to  address  the 


LATER  YEARS  99 

Congress  of  Chemists  at  Chicago  on  salt,  on  methods  of 
teaching  or  demonstrating  chemistry,  and  on  the  prog- 
ress of  chemistry  as  applied  to  agriculture.  In  1889 
Amherst  College  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws. 

He  was  a  frequent  lecturer  before  the  state  boards  of 
agriculture  and  the  various  agricultural  and  horticul- 
tural societies,  and  read  papers  at  the  meetings  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society  and  other  scientific  bodies. 
For  upwards  of  thirty  years  he  was  a  constant  attend- 
ant at  the  gatherings  of  the  Massachusetts  State 
Board  of  Agriculture  and  the  most  constant  contribu- 
tor to  its  reports.  He  lectured  before  the  Board  'on 
salt  and  its  uses  in  agriculture';  'on  nitrogen  plant- 
food';  'on  the  subduing  and  utilizing  of  salt-marshes 
for  tillage';  'on  plant  and  animal  nutrition';  'on  the 
chemistry  of  fruit  culture';  'on  the  cultivation  of  the 
sugar-beet';  'on  the  effect  of  chemical  salts  on  the 
carbohydrate  content  of  plants';  'on  the  system  of 
preserving  green  food  in  silos';  'on  mineral  constitu- 
ents in  plant-growth';  'on  the  influence  of  chemistry 
in  the  development  of  a  rational  system  of  stock- 
feeding';  'on  the  rotation  of  crops';  'on  rational  fer- 
tilization of  garden  crops  and  fruits';  'on  the  hay-field 
and  English  hay';  'on  the  breeding  and  feeding  of 
swine';  and  'on  the  grass  crop.' 

On  November  12,  1898,  a  notable  dinner  was  given 
at  the  Metropolitan  Club  in  New  York,  for  Gottingen 
students  of  1855-56,  with  some  of  earlier  and  later 
dates,  the  hosts  being  Mr.  J.  Pierpont  Morgan,  Profes- 
sor Charles  F.  Chandler,  and  ^L*.  James  D.  Hague. 


100    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSIVIANN 

Dr.  Goessmann  attended  this  'Reunion  of  Compan- 
ions at  Gottingen,'  and  was  one  of  the  speakers.  At 
this  interesting  gathering  were  many  of  his  old  pupils 
and  friends,  including  Caldwell,  Chandler,  J.  H.  East- 
wick,  Hague,  Hungerford,  Magee,  Mallet,  and  Tuttle. 
Of  the  ten  whose  names  are  inscribed  on  the  balance 
presented  to  him  in  1855-56,  six  of  the  seven  then  liv- 
ing were  present.  Dean,  Nason,  and  Pugh  had  passed 
away. 

In  August  1899  Dr.  Goessmann,  accompanied  by  his 
wife  and  daughters,  revisited  the  Fatherland  after  an 
absence  of  more  than  forty  years,  remaining  abroad 
until  the  following  summer.  This  was  his  first  vacation 
for  thirty  years,  or  since  the  call  to  Amherst  in  1868. 
He  went  also  as  an  honorary  representative  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  to  investi- 
gate the  condition  of  the  beet-sugar  industry  in  the 
German  Empire.  He  was  hkewise  a  delegate  of  the 
American  Chemical  Society  to  the  unveiling  of  the 
statue  of  Antoine-Laurent  Lavoisier  in  Paris.  He 
went,  however,  with  the  intention  of  doing  but  little 
scientific  work,  and  finding  pleasure  among  friends  old 
and  new. 

He  spent  nine  delightful  weeks  in  Gottingen,  making 
various  excursions  in  the  neighbourhood,  especially  to 
beet-sugar  factories  and  beet-raising  farms.  With  the 
professors  he  had  much  pleasant  intercourse,  among 
others  his  old  colleague  Friedrich  Griepenkerl,  then 
dean  of  the  philosophical  faculty.  He  enjoyed  also  the 
hospitality  of  the  Fraulein  Helena  and  Sophia  Woh- 
ler,  daughters  of  his  beloved  teacher.  Fifty  years  had 


LATER  YEARS  101 

passed  since  he  matriculated  as  a  student  of  phar- 
macy and  chemistry  in  the  philosophical  faculty  of  the 
University  of  Georgia  Augusta,  and  forty-eight  since 
he  took  his  degree  as  Doctor  of  Philosophy.  It  is  the 
German  custom  to  renew  that  degree  for  those  that 
survive  fifty  years.  To  him  those  weeks  at  Gottingen 
were  an  occasion  of  quiet  rejoicing,  and  he  often  re- 
ferred to  *  Gottingen  revisited '  as  his  Jubikeum. 

From  Gottingen  he  wrote :  — 

*In  looking  over  the  collections  of  inorganic  and 
organic  chemical  preparations  in  the  chemical  labora- 
tory my  attention  was  repeatedly  called  to  samples 
familiar  to  me  from  the  time  when  acting  as  assistant 
to  Wohler.  It  seemed  to  give  special  satisfaction  to 
the  janitor,  who  served  as  a  youthful  janitor  in  my 
time,  to  point  out  to  me  specimens  marked  in  my 
handwriting.' 

He  returned  to  America  the  following  June,  and  was 
soon  again  occupied  with  his  work,  aware  that  the 
students,  whom  he  had  gathered  about  him  and 
trained,  were  capable  of  taking  up  the  lines  whenever 
he  should  lay  them  down.  He  continued  to  supervise 
the  chemical  work  of  the  Experiment  Station  until 
July  1907,  when  he  was  made  Consulting  Chemical 
Expert  and  retired  on  a  pension  granted  by  the  Trus- 
tees of  the  Carnegie  Foundation.  In  1908  he  became 
Professor  Emeritus. 

On  his  eightieth  birthday,  which  marked  the  com- 
pletion of  fifty  years  residence  in  the  United  States  and 
forty  years  of  service  at  the  College,  his  former  stu- 
dents far  and  near  united  to  honour  him.    At  the 


102    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

Alumni  dinner  in  Draper  Hall,  on  June  17,  1907,  he 
was  presented  with  a  highly  decorated  stained  window, 
to  be  hung  in  his  study,  on  which  is  written:  — 

To 
KA.RL  ANTON  GOESSMANN 

of  Naumburg  Fritzlar  and  Grottingen 

Chemist  Teacher  Philosopher 

this  testimonial 

commemorative  of  forty  years  of  loyal  and  fruitful  service 

at  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 

is  presented  by  his  pupils 

on  his  80th  birthday 

13  June  1907 

As  reminders  of  the  old  home  places,  the  armorial 
bearings  of  Fulda,  Fritzlar,  and  Gottingen  are  em- 
blazoned, quartered,  on  one  shield;  the  silver  cross  of 
the  old  arms  of  Fulda  and  the  lilies  of  the  new;  the 
cross  and  wheels  of  Fritzlar  and  the  towers  of  Gottin- 
gen. The  seal  of  the  University  of  Gottingen  is  on  the 
right,  with  Minerva,  the  Goddess  of  Wisdom,  her  back 
toward  the  spear  and  the  shield  bearing  the  masque  of 
war  and  facing  the  emblems  of  peace  —  the  olive- 
branch  and  the  open  book.  The  German  chevron  is 
depicted  in  red,  white,  and  black  —  the  royal  and  im- 
perial colours.  The  background  shows  the  Hanoverian 
colour  —  yellow  —  which  also  is  that  of  the  Univer- 
sity. Below  are  the  emblems  of  the  chemist,  the  flames 
of  his  fire  surrounding  a  Hessian  crucible,  a  retort  in 
ancient  form,  a  blowpipe,  assayer's  tongs,  and  before 
the  furnace  are  test  tubes.  The  blue  and  the  green  of 
the  Wistaria  are  interspersed  with  the  foliage  of  the 
Arackis  or  peanut  plant  and  the  yellow  of  its  flower,  to 


LATER  YEARS  103 

recall  one  of  his  earlier  investigations.  While  at  Got- 
tingen  he  studied  the  oil  of  the  peanut,  the  fruit  of 
Arachis  hypogaea,  in  which  he  found  two  acids  until 
then  unknown,  and  which  he  named  '  arachic  acid '  and 
'hypogaeic  acid'  respectively.  The  luxuriant  growth 
of  these  vines  symbolizes  the  rich  harvest  due  to  his 
labours  with  fertilizers.  And  above  is  written  the  old 
Gottingen  motto,  *Die  Gottinger  haben  den  Muth'  (the 
Gottingers  have  courage).  The  expression  originated 
at  the  time  when  the  inhabitants  of  the  walled  town 
successively  and  successfully  repulsed  the  robber 
barons  of  the  region  when  on  their  plunder  raids.  The 
window  was  unveiled  by  Dr.  Charles  Wellington,  his 
colleague  in  the  Chemical  Department  for  a  quarter  of 
a  century,  and  was  accepted  by  Dr.  Goessmann  with  a 
few  dignified  and  touching  words. 

In  January  1910,  at  the  request  of  the  Alumni,  he 
sat  for  his  portrait  to  Mr.  Edwin  B.  Child  of  New 
York.  At  the  Alumni  dinner  on  the  21st  of  June  fol- 
lowing it  was  unveiled  by  Frederick  Tuckerman  and 
presented  to  the  College.  The  portrait  was  accepted, 
on  behalf  of  the  Trustees,  by  Mr.  William  H.  Bowker 
of  Boston,  a  member  of  the  first  class  and  the  senior 
member  of  the  Board.  Many  addresses  were  made  by 
his  former  students  and  others.  Much  to  his  regret 
Dr.  Goessmann  was  unable  to  be  present,  but  a  letter 
from  him  was  read  by  Dr.  Homer  J.  WTieeler,  the  Pres- 
ident of  the  Association,  in  which  he  sent  his  'affec- 
tionate greeting  and  best  wishes '  —  his  last  earthly 
message  —  to  his  'old  pupils.* 

Pre-eminently  a  domestic  man  and  a  devoted  hus- 


104    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

band  and  father,  his  chief  delight  was  in  his  home.  It 
was  interesting  to  witness  his  childlike  pleasure  in  his 
beautiful  grounds,  in  the  trees  and  shrubs  —  all 
selected  and  planted  by  him  with  excellent  taste.  In 
tending  and  caring  for  them  he  found  abundant  relax- 
ation and  recreation. 

Deeply  religious  from  his  youth,  the  contemplation 
of  Nature,  no  less  than  the  sublime  teaching  of  Scrip- 
ture, inspired  him  with  true  devotion.  He  spent  much 
time  in  meditation  and  the  study  of  the  Bible.  He 
greatly  admired  the  works  of  Faber  and  Newman,  and 
their  writings  formed  part  of  his  daily  reading.  Bom 
a  Catholic,  the  faith  of  his  fathers,  he  lived  and  died 
a  devout  member  of  the  Church.  It  was  largely 
through  the  joint  and  persistent  efforts  of  Dr.  Goess- 
mann  and  his  devoted  wife  that  a  Roman  Catholic 
church  was  built  and  maintained  in  Amherst. 

He  was  taken  ill  on  the  23rd  of  August.  He  lingered 
until  the  1st  of  September,  retaining  his  mental  facul- 
ties clearly  until  the  last,  —  serene  in  his  beautiful  and 
firm  faith,  —  and  soon  after  noon  of  that  day  passed 
quietly  away.  On  the  5th  of  September  he  was  buried 
from  St.  Bridget's  Church,  and  his  remains  lie  in  the 
little  cemetery  at  Plainville. 

An  impressive  and  most  appropriate  service  in 
memory  of  Dr.  Goessmann  was  held  in  the  chapel  of 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  on  "Wednesday 
morning,  October  12,  at  which  addresses  were  made 
by  President  Butterfield,  Professor  Chandler  of 
Columbia  University,  President  Stone  of  Purdue  Uni- 
versity, and  Professor  Wellington  of  Amherst.    The 


LATER  YEARS  105 

service  was  closed  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  Cummings  of  Holy 
Cross  Church,  Holyoke,  who  offered  prayer  and  pro- 
nounced the  Benediction. 

Goessmann  was  a  teacher  in  a  wide  sense.  He  not 
only  taught  his  pupils  in  the  class-room  and  labora- 
tory, and  trained  his  assistants,  but  he  made  the  Col- 
lege the  nursery  of  agricultural  chemists  for  other  in- 
stitutions throughout  the  land.  By  his  lectures  and 
talks,  his  reports  and  bulletins,  he  taught  and  educated 
the  public.  In  the  lecture-room  and  laboratory  he  was 
painstaking  and  inspired  his  students  to  grasp  the 
problems  he  set  before  them.  As  an  experimenter  he 
had  readiness  and  skill,  and  could  attain  important 
results  with  the  minimum  possible  means.  No  one 
who  came  in  contact  with  him  could  fail  to  be  struck 
with  the  accuracy  and  extent  of  his  knowledge  and  the 
retentiveness  of  his  memory.  But  he  was  more  to  his 
pupils  than  a  friend  and  teacher.  He  was  the  'Be- 
loved Goessmann'  —  the  object  of  their  admiration 
and  affection  on  account  of  his  goodness,  gentleness, 
modesty,  and  patience,  his  high  principle,  his  unfailing 
cordiality,  his  unceasing  interest  in  their  welfare,  and 
the  clearness  of  his  intellectual  vision.  He  was  a  fine 
example  of  the  Christian  philosopher. 

At  Gottingen  he  devoted  himself  to  the  discovery  of 
new  truths.  After  he  came  to  America  the  utility  of 
science,  especially  in  his  chosen  field,  was  always  up- 
permost in  his  mind.  He  was  always  tracing  abstract 
principles  to  their  practical  applications,  and  thus 
bringing  scientific  knowledge  within  reach  of  the  far- 
mer and  the  general  public.  Quick  to  read  the  signs  of 


106    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

the  times,  he  had  a  clear  comprehension  of  the  actual 
conditions  and  the  needs  of  chemical  education  in  this 
country. 

He  lived  to  see  the  most  remarkable  changes  in  the 
science  which  he  had  himself  so  successfully  cultivated. 
But  like  his  great  master,  he  preferred  demonstration 
to  speculation;  and  although  ready  to  adopt  what  was 
established  by  experiment,  however  it  might  conflict 
with  his  previous  views,  he  was  strongly  opposed  to 
innovations  based  upon  mere  hypotheses.  His  pro- 
found love  of  truth  made  him  the  cautious,  painstak- 
ing, persevering  inquirer  he  was.  He  was  a  student  of 
facts.  Like  Faraday,  he  could  'trust  a  fact.'  He 
searched  for  facts  and  taught  their  value.  He  cared 
rather  to  gather  them  than  to  deduce  from  them 
general  laws.  Slow  to  generalize,  in  his  judgments  he 
was  conservative  and  independent. 

Admirably  fitted  by  tradition,  training,  experience, 
and  temperament  for  the  life  of  a  teacher  and  investi- 
gator, he  brought  to  the  service  of  the  College  a  singu- 
larly happy  combination  of  qualities  —  genuine  devo- 
tion to  his  subject,  great  capacity  for  work,  the  power 
to  kindle  enthusiasm  in  others,  a  well-balanced  mind 
and  body,  and  a  robust  physique.  In  the  retrospect  of 
his  life  one  is  struck  with  the  amount  of  labour  which 
he  performed.  Always  at  work,  never  in  haste,  sys- 
tematic beyond  most  men,  perfect  order  pervaded  all 
that  he  did.  In  his  speech  he  never  wholly  lost  his 
foreign  accent  and  German  idioms.  Yet  as  a  writer  he 
had  a  good  style  and  wrote  English  with  facility  and 
ease,  —  with  scarcely  a  trace  of  the  involution  of  his 


LATER  YEARS  107 

mother  tongue,  —  expressing  himself  in  clear  and 
forceful  language.  His  writings  show  the  clear  thinker 
and  the  well-stored  head.  His  researches  embrace  a 
wide  range  in  chemical  science,  and  in  analytical, 
technical,  and  agricultural  chemistry  are  marked  by 
high  attainment.  He  was  not  a  writer  of  books,  yet 
in  total  amount  of  production,  if  not  in  variety  and 
depth  of  interest,  he  may  fairly  be  compared  with 
Noah  Webster  and  President  Hitchcock,  unquestion- 
ably the  two  most  fertile  writers  Amherst  has  known. 
His  first  contribution  to  chemical  science  appeared  in 
1853,  and  thereafter  an  uninterrupted  series  of  con- 
tributions to  chemistry  flowed  from  his  pen  for  fifty- 
four  years.  They  remain  an  enduring  monument  to 
their  author. 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER 


FKIKDKIC!!    WOIILEK 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER 

GoTTiNGEN,  3  January  1858. 
Dear  Doctor, — 

Your  kind  and  interesting  letter  of  December  3  re- 
minds me  that  I  have  not  yet  answered  your  first  one 
of  June  26.  Therefore,  I  must  not  delay  any  longer, 
though  I  must  admit  that  I  have  nothing  to  say  that  is 
worth  sending  across  the  ocean.  I  thank  you  heartily 
for  all  your  communications,  which  I  have  read  with 
great  interest,  and  which  fully  confirm  the  impressions 
I  have  received  of  life  and  conditions  in  the  new  world. 
I  need  not  tell  you  that  the  news  of  your  pleasant  voy- 
age and  safe  arrival  has  pleased  us  more  than  anything 
else.  For  a  journey  of  that  kind,  compared  with  a 
journey  from  here  to  Fritzlar,  must  always  be  con- 
sidered a  venture.  It  pleased  me  also  to  hear  that  your 
new  sphere  of  activity  meets  your  expectations.  Still, 
owing  to  Eastwick's  promises  and  considering  your 
own  trustworthiness  and  sense  of  honour,  I  never  had 
any  doubts  about  the  result.  At  all  events  you  are  to 
be  congratulated  on  having  made  and  carried  out  this 
resolution,  for  there  is  no  doubt  that  a  sojourn  in 
America  is  going  to  have  the  greatest  influence  upon 
your  whole  future  life,  even  though  you  do  nothing 
more  than  endeavour  to  acquire  the  good  qualities  for 
which  the  Americans  are  noted,  their  perseverance, 
self-reliance,  their  spirit  of  enterprise  —  all  qualities 
that  so  often  fail  in  us  Germans.  And  then,  the  oppor- 


112    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

tunity  to  take  a  broader  view  of  the  world  by  studying 
men  and  conditions  on  a  great  scale.  In  particular,  I 
congratulate  you  on  your  success  in  your  new  field,  and 
having  at  this  early  stage  improved  upon  the  method  of 
refining  sugar.  Not  being  familiar  with  the  regulations 
governing  patents,  I  am  unable  to  judge  of  the  merits 
of  your  process.  I  am  inclined  to  think  that  it  would  be 
easier  and  more  to  your  advantage  to  sell  your  process 
to  individual  factories.  In  this  I  shall  do  all  in  my  power 
to  assist  you.  First  of  all  you  might  apply  to  Hurtzig. 

Respecting  the  new  sugar  plant,  I  have  notified 
Kopp  by  sending  him  the  main  points  of  your  letter, 
noting  also  that  you  intend  sending  the  seed.  Not 
until  after  reading  your  exhaustive  monograph  con- 
cerning this  research  can  I  judge  of  its  adaptability 
for  publication  in  the  Annalen.  Meanwhile,  I  am  in 
favour  of  it,  provided  it  is  not  too  detailed  and  tech- 
nical. This  matter  seems  to  me  to  be  of  great  impor- 
tance, provided  the  plant  can  be  raised  in  Germany 
and  other  countries.  In  the  latter  case  you  will  have 
the  distinction  of  having  introduced  it  into  Germany. 

Here  everything  remains  unchanged.  Limpricht, 
Geuther,  and  Wicke  send  their  greetings.  Wicke  has 
become  professor  extr.,  Limpricht  and  Boedeker  asses- 
sors at  the  University  Society.  Deville  was  here  again 
in  the  autumn.  I  am  enclosing  the  results  of  our  last 
researches.^  I  presume  you  have  seen  in  the  Annalen 
the  paper  on  the  new  silicium  compounds  by  Buff  and 
myself,  as  well  as  the  experiments  with  titanium.  De- 
ville and  I  have  now  succeeded  in  producing  a  nitro- 

*  *Neue  Beobachtungen  Uber  daa  Bor  und  einige  seiner  Verbindungen.' 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER  113 

gen-silicium  having  the  same  behaviour  as  nitrogen. 
Probably  you  have  heard  of  little  Engelhardt's  ^  de- 
parture for  America  as  assistant  to  Professor  Clark, 
who  coaxed  him  over. 

Farewell.  Best  greetings  to  the  Eastwicks  and 
kindly  remember. 

Your 

WoHLER. 

In  case  you  have  an  opportunity  to  see  Herr  Booth 
at  the  mint,  an  old  pupil  of  mine,  give  him  my  best 
greetings.  I  took  care  that  he  received  my  letter  of 
thanks  for  the  beautiful  minerals,  which  you  were  kind 
enough  to  help  unpack.  Please  also  remember  me  to 
Gillingham,  Magee  and  Garrigues.  Be  sure  to  ask  the 
latter  to  procure  for  me  a  few  more  specimens  of  the 
beautiful  graphite  on  quartz,  of  which  he  let  me  have  a 
small  piece,  and  also  to  tell  me  the  locality  they  come 
from.  The  graphite  without  the  quartz  would  be  of 
little  interest  to  me.  It  is  especially  important  for  me 
to  have  crystallized  graphite,  which  is  said  to  occur  in 
North  America. 

Whlr. 

I  am  anxious  to  hear  in  your  next  letter  whether  the 
Messrs.  Eastwick's  business  remains  unaffected  by  the 
great  financial  crisis. 

G5ttingen,  9  March  1858. 

Dear  Gossmann, — 

Permit  me  to  recommend  to  you  most  particularly 
the  bearer,  Herr  Stephani.  He  has  been  working  in  my 

^  Francis  E.  Engelhardt,  Dr.  Goessmann's  successor  at  Syracuse. 


114    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

laboratory  this  winter  and  I  know  him  to  be  an  excel- 
lent young  man.  He  will  tell  you  what  brings  him  to 
America  and  also  all  that  has  happened  here.  Kindly 
see  that  he  has  an  opportunity  to  meet  the  Messrs. 
Eastwick,  Booth,  Garrigues,  etc.  I  hope  that  you  are 
doing  well  and  that  you  have  received  my  letter  of 
January  3.  Your  preliminary  communication  on  the 
sugar  plant  was  long  ago  printed  in  the  Annalen.  My 
best  greetings  to  the  Messrs.  Eastwick  and  other 
friends.  Pardon  the  shortness  of  this  letter,  which  I 
am  obliged  to  write  in  a  hurry,  as  Stephani  is  about  to 
depart. 

In  best  friendship, 

Your 

WOHLEB. 
GOTTINGEN,  31  Oct.  1858. 

Dear  Doctor,  — 

I  am  ashamed  of  myself  for  not  having  answered  ere 
this  your  kind  and  very  interesting  letter  of  August  1. 
I  received  it  at  Karlsruhe,  where  I  had  gone  from 
Munchen  with  Liebig  in  order  to  attend  the  meeting  of 
Naturalists.^  It  proved  to  be  a  brilliant  success  and 
was  attended  by  nearly  all  the  chemists  of  Germany. 
Kuhlmann  from  Lille,  Despretz,  Nickles,  Grandeau, 
Troost  from  Paris  were  there.  From  here  besides  my- 
self were  Limpricht  and  Wicke  (also  Dr.  Spiegelberg 
and  the  troublesome  Bialloblotzky). 

I  have  read  with  pleasure  what  you  say  about 
North  America  and  its  people,  and  also  let  Liebig  read 

1  Deutsche  Naturforscher  und  Aerzte. 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    115 

your  letter.  No  doubt  your  views  are  quite  correct, 
and  I  am  especially  pleased  to  have  you  express  them, 
for  it  shows  that  you  know  how  to  adapt  yourself  to 
new  conditions  and  take  advantage  of  things  intel- 
lectual and  material.  Apart  from  the  fact  that  by 
accepting  this  position  you  have  laid  the  foundation 
for  a  fine  career  within  your  sphere  of  activity,  this 
sojourn  will  be  of  the  greatest  importance  in  moulding 
your  future  life.  It  would  have  interested  me  to  hear 
of  your  relations  with  the  Eastwicks,  how  they  are 
progressing,  and  whether  you  are  satisfied  with  the 
conditions.  I  suppose  everything  is  favourable,  since 
you  have  never  said  anything  to  the  contrary. 

Doubtless  you  have  long  ago  learned  that  your  mon- 
ograph on  Sorghum  has  been  printed  in  Henneberg's 
Landwirthsch.  Journal,  and  also  received  free  copies  as 
well  as  your  honorarimn  for  the  same.  I  have  read  it 
with  great  interest,  and  have  also  forwarded  a  portion 
of  the  seeds  to  Bartling  as  well  as  to  Dr.  Henneberg. 
The  latter  has  sown  them  on  a  piece  of  land  at 
Weende  and  the  plants  are  thriving.  Yesterday  he 
sent  several  specimens  to  the  laboratory,  where  Dr. 
Schwanert  is  going  to  ascertain  the  amount  of  sugar 
they  contain.  Seeds  have  also  been  sent  to  Henneberg 
by  the  Ministerium  for  experiment.  Much  attention 
is  being  paid  to  this  plant  in  Germany  and  France  (I 
believe  in  Italy,  too) .  Your  consignment  of  seeds  and 
sugar  has  also  reached  me,  for  which  accept  my  hearti- 
est thanks.  I  have  added  the  little  specimens  of  sugar 
to  the  laboratory  collection  as  a  present  from  you,  and 
turned  over  the  beautiful  sugar-loaf  to  my  wife.  She 


116    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

could  not  be  persuaded  to  open  the  latter  until  re- 
cently, when  she  was  out  of  sugar.  We  then  had  an 
opportunity  to  admire  its  beauty  and  quality  when 
drinking  our  coffee,  at  the  same  time  remembering  you 
gratefully.  Geuther  secured  some  seeds  for  Schleiden: 
a  part  of  them  I  kept  to  plant,  the  remainder  were 
given  to  Bartling  for  our  Botanical  Garden,  and  to 
V.  Martins,  for  the  Botanical  Garden  at  Munchen.  I 
hope  that  at  least  part  of  the  lot  will  thrive  well  at  one 
or  the  other  place. 

I  was  glad  to  hear  that  Stephani  had  arrived  and 
had  made  your  acquaintance.  Give  him  my  best 
greetings.  Dr.  Bode  of  Cassel,  who  could  not  find  a 
position  here,  finally  left  for  America  on  an  uncer- 
tainty and  is,  I  believe,  in  Cincinnati.  We  have  not 
heard  anything  for  a  long  time  from  Engelhardt  who, 
as  you  know,  went  to  America  with  Prof.  Clark.  You 
also  write  nothing  concerning  Garrigues,  Gillingham, 
Pugh,  Joy,  and  the  others  who  were  here.  Has  not  the 
latter  become  a  professor  in  New  York?  Have  you 
ever  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mr.  Booth,  my  first 
American  pupil.''  All  this  interests  me  very  much. 
There  are  now  only  three  Americans  working  in  the 
laboratory,  Messrs.  Harris,  Little  and  Stewart,  besides 
two  Englishmen.  I  have  accepted  only  22  laboratory 
students  this  semester,  transferring  half  a  dozen  to 
Limpricht  in  order  to  avoid  the  rush  in  winter.  Dr. 
Geuther  still  has  your  position,  employing  Fabian  as  an 
assistant.  Limpricht  has  for  assistants  Dr.  Schwanert, 
Dr.  V.  Uslar  and  Dr.  Fittig.  I  have  transferred  the 
6-hour  Practicum  to  the  old  hospital,  where  Dr.  v.  Uslar 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    117 

resides.  This  is  of  great  advantage  as  long  as  we  have 
no  new  laboratory.  It  is  still  uncertain  whether  we  are 
to  have  a  new  building,  as  the  government  has  granted 
only  27,000  thlr.,  instead  of  the  38,000  thlr.  it  will  cost 
according  to  the  plans  submitted.  In  order  to  design 
a  laboratory  which  shall  be  unsurpassed,  I  have  sent 
Limpricht  and  the  architect  Doltz  to  Wiesbaden, 
Heidelberg,  Stuttgart,  Karlsruhe  and  Miinchen,  in 
order  to  inspect  and  study  the  details  of  all  the  labo- 
ratories in  those  places.  The  agricultural  laboratory 
under  Wicke  is  well  attended,  whereas  Boedeker  is 
not  popular  with  the  medical  students. 

I  suppose  you  have  an  opportunity  to  read  the  An- 
nalen,  so  I  need  not  report  anything  concerning  new 
work.  Perhaps  you  have  already  received  the  July 
number,  and  know  that  the  remarkable  silicium- 
hydrogen  gas  may  now  be  prepared  chemically  in  the 
same  manner  as  phosphorus-hydrogen  gas.  At  pres- 
ent, I  am  again  experimenting  with  nitrogen-silicium. 

Nothing  has  occurred  here  that  is  worth  mentioning. 
A  few  have  died  (but  no  professors  —  Oesterley,  v. 
Bobers) ;  others  are  engaged,  e.  g.  Frlein  Augusta  Baum. 
I  myself  have  become  a  grandfather  for  the  second 
time.  All  the  members  of  my  family  are  very  well,  my 
three  oldest  daughters  having  accompanied  me  on  my 
last  journey  to  the  beautiful  Bavarian  mountains.  I 
have  just  now  spoken  to  Geuther,  who  sends  his  best 
greetings.  He  does  not  know  what  became  of  the 
honorarium  for  your  monograph.  He  will  attend  to 
the  matter  and  have  the  money  sent  to  your  brother, 
if  he  has  not  already  received  it. 


118    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

Farewell.  Remember  me  to  the  Eastwicks  and  to  all 
the  friends,  and  let  me  hear  from  you  very  soon.  When 
you  see  Mr.  Booth,  tell  him  that  a  little  more  osmium- 
iridium,  in  which  he  is  so  rich,  would  be  very  welcome 
to  me.  No  doubt  an  opportunity  will  present  itself  so 
it  can  be  sent  here. 

Cordially  your 

WOHLER. 

GoTTiNGEN,  12  March  1860. 
Dear  Gossmann,  — 

First  of  all,  my  hearty  thanks  for  your  very  full  and 
interesting  letter  of  January  24,  for  the  pieces  of 
graphite  and  the  extraordinarily  fine  photographs,  all 
of  which  have  made  the  long  voyage  successfully  and 
reached  me  safely.  It  is  a  great  satisfaction  to  know 
that  one  is  not  being  forgotten  by  old  pupils  and 
friends,  and  to  receive  from  them  so  many  tokens  of 
attachment,  and  that  you  are  one  of  them. 

It  gives  me  peculiar  pleasure  also  to  know  that  all 
goes  well  with  you,  that  you  are  contented  in  your 
interesting  surroundings  and  that  you  have  so  many 
opportunities  to  see  great  and  remarkable  things,  to 
know  the  world  and  to  gather  experiences  which  will 
be  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  you  in  the  future.  I 
envy  you  your  good  fortune  in  having  made  such  a 
fine  voyage.^  I  have  also  shown  your  letter  to  Hofr. 
Wagner,  Waltershausen,  Geuther  and  my  own  family, 
and  all  have  read  it  with  great  interest.  It  is  striking 
what  an  array  of  new  impressions  one  may  receive  in 

»  To  the  West  Indies. 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    119 

America  of  which  we  in  old,  used-up  Europe  have 
no  conception.  The  contents  of  your  letter,  as  well  as 
its  minuteness  of  detail,  proved  that  you  do  not  think 
ill  of  me  because  I  did  not  write  you  for  such  an  unpar- 
donably  long  time.  Indeed,  it  shames  me  to  confess 
that  my  last  letter  was  dated  31  October  1858  —  if  I 
am  not  mistaken.  The  news  you  sent  concerning  the 
former  Gottingen  Americans  gave  me  much  pleasure, 
and  also  that  you  have  acted  as  protector  to  little 
Engelhardt,  thus  probably  laying  the  foundation  for 
his  advancement.  Only  one  have  you  forgotten  to 
mention  —  Professor  Joy  of  New  York,  who  with  his 
beautiful  wife  visited  us  last  summer,  though  we  have 
not  had  a  word  from  him  since.  I  should  be  obliged  if 
you  would  write  him  a  few  lines  in  my  name,  asking 
whether  he  has  received  the  diploma  of  the  Leopold 
Academy^  and  the  silver  mirror  from  Liebig,  both  hav- 
ing been  forwarded  at  the  time  to  Rinteln  according  to 
his  directions.  I  hope  he  will  overcome  his  dilatoriness 
and  write  me  himself. 

As  you  have  probably  seen  the  Annalen,  and  there- 
fore know  already,  I  shall  write  nothing  about  chemi- 
cal news  from  our  laboratory,  except  that  there  is 
much  work  being  done  and  that  it  is  well  attended.  I 
am  aware  that  you  have  not  yet  received  this  year's 
March  issue.  At  present  I  am  having  Niemann  make 
an  investigation  of  the  famous  Coca  {Erythroxylon 
coca  of  Peru)  and,  as  far  as  we  have  ascertained,  it 
very  probably  contains  an  organic  base  which  may  be 

*  Academia  Giesarea  Leopoldino-Carolina  Naturae  Curiosonim  (Kaiser- 
lich-leopoIdiniscb-caroUniache  deutscbe  Akademie  der  Naturforscher, 
Halle). 


120    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

crystallized  and  which  resembles  atropin.  We  have 
christened  it  Cocaine.  I  have  received  25  lb.  of  coca 
from  Vienna,  originally  from  the  Novard's  tour  round 
the  world.  Probably  you  are  familiar  with  the  new, 
easy  method  of  producing  violet  chromium  chloride, 
and  know  that  by  melting  the  same  with  zinc,  metal- 
lic chromium  in  microscopic  crystals  may  easily  be 
obtained. 

I  do  not  know  whether  I  have  written  you  that  we 
are  going  to  have  a  new  laboratory  here  which  will,  I 
hope,  in  construction  and  equipment  surpass  all  other 
laboratories.  38,000  thlr.  have  been  granted  therefor, 
it  is  already  under  roof,  and  the  finishing  of  the  inte- 
rior is  so  far  advanced  that  it  will  be  ready  for  use  next 
autumn.  There  will  be  room  for  all  Practica  except 
those  of  Wicke  and  Boedeker. 


e 

b 

1 

_J 

a  a  is  the  wall 
b  the  old  laboratory 

c  one-storey  centre  building  with   the  principal 
auditorium. 


The  old  laboratory,  which  will  form  part  of  the  new 
wing,  is  being  remodelled  and  made  to  harmonize  with 
the  rest  of  the  tremendous  building  by  having  two 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    121 

high  and  many  small  chimneys.  Limpricht,  whom  I 
sent  with  the  architect  Doltz  to  inspect  all  modern 
laboratories  in  Germany,  has  the  distinction  of  plan- 
ning all  the  details  of  the  building  and  the  interior 
equipment.  I  am  sorry  to  say  that  he  is  now  going 
away  from  here,  having  received  a  call  to  Greifswald 
as  ordinarius  with  a  salary  of  1200  thir.  He  has  also 
been  entrusted  with  the  erection  of  a  new  laboratory, 
a  task  that  will  now  be  easy  for  him  to  perform.  I 
could  not  keep  him  here  longer,  although  he  was 
appointed  ordinarius  with  a  salary  of  800  thlr. 

I  have  taken  advantage  of  this  occasion  to  reor- 
ganize the  laboratory  staff.  I  am  conducting  the 
daily  Practicum,  assisted  by  Dr.  Beilstein.  Geuther 
and  V.  Uslar  both  have  charge  of  the  24-hour  Prac- 
ticum, Dr.  Fittig  of  the  6-hour  Practicum.  All  lab- 
oratory students  have  to  report  to  me  and  are  to  pay 
all  my  fees  to  the  Qudstur.  But  the  assistants  receive 
from  me,  in  addition  to  an  increase  of  their  fixed 
salaries,  a  certain  share  of  the  fees. 

You  probably  know  already  that  our  good  old  Haus- 
mann  has  died,  after  long  suffering,  at  the  age  of  76. 
S.  V.  Waltershausen  has  taken  his  place.  Moreover,  a 
young  man  is  to  be  called  —  not  expensive  but  excel- 
lent —  as  a  specialist  in  geognosy  and  palaeontology. 
Hausmann's  beautiful  and  complete  collection  (oryc- 
togn.  geognost.  petrif.  technical,  metallurgical,  anti- 
quarian) is  to  be  sold.  You  would  do  the  heirs  a  great 
favour  by  finding  a  trustworthy  purchaser.  Be  sure  to 
let  Professor  Joy  know  of  this,  as  perhaps  the  com- 
plete collection  would  be  welcomed  in  one  of  your 


122    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

institutions  of  learning.  They  ask  6000  thlr.,  I  be- 
lieve, but  they  may  be  willing  to  take  less.  Be  sure  not 
to  forget  this  matter. 

Good  old  Berthold  is  dying,  and  old  Conradi  has 
become  so  infirm  that  before  long  he  may  follow 
Hausmann.  You  have  probably  known  for  some  time 
that  our  celebrated  mathematician,  Dirichlet,  is  dead. 
Riemann  has  been  made  ordinarius  and  member  of 
the  Society  of  Sciences  —  a  prodigious  mathematical 
head.  I  have  been  asked  to  succeed  Hausmann  as 
Permanent  Secretary  of  the  Society.  Wagner's  disease 
of  the  chest  has  led  him  to  be  placed  on  the  half- 
retired  list,  and  consequently  Professor  Meissner,  one 
of  our  former  pupils,  has  been  called  as  professor  of 
physiology.  As  a  result,  the  rooms  in  the  Physiological 
Institute  have  become  so  crowded  that  Boedeker  was 
obliged  to  transfer  his  laboratory  to  the  old  hospital. 
As  compensation  for  swallowing  the  disagreeable  pill, 
he  received  an  increase  of  salary  of  200  thlr.  More- 
over, I  have  obtained  for  him  the  work  of  preparing  a 
new  edition  of  Berzelius's  Chemie,  and  for  Dr.  Geuther 
a  new  edition  of  Otto-Graham's  Chemie.  Hanssen  has 
received  a  call  to  Berlin  and,  I  am  sorry  to  say,  has 
accepted  it.  His  daughter  is  engaged  to  a  Prussian 
oflBcet ,  and  so  is  Baum's  oldest  daughter.  Both  oflBcers 
were  aides  to  counts  and  princes  studying  here.  Now 
I  am  through  gossiping. 

Farewell,  dear  Gossmann,  and  delight  me  with  more 
news  from  you  very  soon.  Best  greetings  from  my 
family  as  well  as  from  Limpricht,  Wicke  and  Geuther. 

*  KOnigliche  Gesellschaft  der  Wissenschaften  zu  Gottingen. 


LETTERS   OF   FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    123 

Remember  me  to  the  Eastwicks  and  all  the  old  Got- 
tinger.  There  are  now  only  three  Americans  in  the 
laboratory — Stewart,  Parkman  and  Hart.  Whenever 
you  can  get  hold  of  some  genuine  graphite  and  other 
minerals,  please  remember  me.  My  greetings  to  Booth 
also. 

In  best  friendship. 

Your 

WoHLER. 

GOttingen,  24  Fehr.  1863. 
Dear  Gossmann,  — 

To-day  only  a  few  lines  acknowledging  the  receipt 
of  your  letter  and  to  thank  you  for  the  interesting 
communications.  The  latter  I  forwarded  at  once  to 
Oberbergrath  Schwarzenberg  in  Cassel,  begging  him 
to  comply  with  your  request  in  regard  to  the  condi- 
tions governing  the  salt  manufacturing  industry.  I  did 
not  receive  an  answer  until  yesterday  (without  your 
letter).  He  has  taken  the  necessary  steps  at  mining 
headquarters  and  has  been  assured  of  a  reply,  which, 
however,  has  not  yet  been  received,  as  delays  are  not 
unusual  there.  As  soon  as  I  receive  the  papers,  I  shall 
send  them  to  you  and  write  more  fully. 

I  congratulate  you  heartily  on  your  marriage  and 
am  glad  that  you  are  succeeding  so  well.  Nevertheless, 
I  have,  when  asked  about  it,  proposed  you  as  professor 
of  technical  chemistry  at  the  newly  established  Poly- 
technic School  at  Braunschweig,  and  I  know  that  they 
are  thinking  of  you  seriously.  But  do  not  depend  too 
much  upon  it,  as  a  decision  may  not  be  reached  for 


124    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

a  year.    In  the  meantime  Dr.  Seyfert  is  delivering 
lectures.  '^^ 

Geuther  has  received  a  call  to  Jena  to  succeed  Leh- 
mann,  and  has  accepted.  Although  I  was  unwilling  to 
lose  him,  nevertheless  it  was  I  who  proposed  him, 
when  asked  by  the  Curatorium.  More  next  time. 

In  best  friendship, 

Your 

WOHLER. 

GOttinqen,  4  March  1863. 
Dear  Gossmann,  — 

I  hope  that  you  have  received  through  Professor 
Joy  my  note  of  February  24.  I  have  finally  obtained 
from  the  mining  headquarters  in  Cassel  the  informa- 
tion concerning  the  Attendorf  Salt  Works,  and  send 
it  to  you  with  the  hope  that  it  will  meet  your  ex- 
pectations. 

I  had  intended  to  write  you  more  fully  on  this  occa- 
sion, but  I  am  so  preoccupied  just  now  that  I  have  to 
be  sparing  of  my  time.  And  yet  I  should  be  sorry  to 
delay  longer  any  change  in  your  affairs  expected  by 
you.  But  I  shall  write  you  shortly,  although,  as  you 
very  well  know,  the  monotony  of  our  life  here  affords 
little  occasion  to  report  anything  new.  I  shall  then 
give  you  first  of  all  a  detailed  description  of  our  splen- 
did new  laboratory,  which,  to  be  sure,  cost  40,000  thlr. 
but  is,  in  my  opinion,  better  arranged  than  any  other. 
There  is  plenty  of  room  to  provide  comfortably  for  at 
least  80  laboratory  students. 

Let  me  call  your  attention  to  another  thing.    Does 


LETTERS  OF   FRIEDRICH  WOHLER   125 

not  sea-water  mother  liquor  contain  chloride  of  cal- 
cium?—  now  so  highly  valued,  because  with  Chili 
saltpetre  it  may  be  easily  changed  into  nitrate  of 
potash. 

I  asked  you  to  pardon  this  short  letter.  Write  me 
very  soon,  for  every  one  of  your  letters  gives  me  pleas- 
ure. I  should  also  like  to  know  whether  my  consign- 
ment through  your  brother  has  been  delivered  to  you 
promptly. 

Cordially  your 

WoHLER. 
GoTTiNGEN,  10  Jan.  1866. 

Dear  Gossmann,  — 

I  have  not  heard  from  you  for  a  long  time.  But  it  is 
my  fault,  for  I  believe  I  owe  you  an  answer  to  your  last 
letter.  You  have  perhaps  heard  from  Prof.  Joy  how  I 
am  and  that  all  goes  well  with  me.  To-day  only  a  few 
lines  and  these  in  great  haste. 

A  former  pupil  of  mine,  Herr  Meinhard  Alsberg, 
later  assistant  to  Geuther  in  Jena,  wishes  me  to  com- 
mend him  to  you,  as  he  believes  that  you  would  have 
an  influential  voice  in  obtaining  for  him  an  appoint- 
ment as  assistant  in  chemistry  at  a  technical  school  in 
Philadelphia.  He  is  at  present  in  Philadelphia  and  in- 
tends to  apply  for  the  position.  So  far  as  I  know  him, 
I  can  strongly  recommend  him.  Moreover,  he  has 
already  recommended  himself  through  several  good 
investigations,  the  results  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  Annalen. 

This  is  all  I  have  to  say.   I  hope  all  goes  well  with 


126    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

you.  When  you  write  me  again,  kindly  send  me  your 
photograph  and  your  wife's. 
In  old  friendship, 

Your 

WOHLER. 
GoTTiNGEN,  1  Augxist  1866. 

Dear  Gossmann,  — 

I  am  reproaching  myself  for  having  left  your  kind 
letter  of  April  14  unanswered  for  such  an  unpardon- 
ably  long  time.  Be  indulgent  with  me  and  be  assured 
that  it  has  given  me  great  joy,  for  it  is  always  a  satis- 
faction to  me  to  receive  such  proofs  of  true  attachment 
from  my  old  pupils,  especially  when  they  are  accom- 
panied by  news  of  their  prosperity,  as  in  your  case. 

It  has  been  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  receive  the 
photographs  of  yourself  and  your  wife,  thus  enriching 
my  collection  of  pictures  of  those  dear  to  me.  Accept 
my  sincere  thanks  for  them.  All  the  members  of  my 
family,  who  remember  you  very  well,  have  also  been 
interested  to  see  how  you  look  now,  and  are  glad  to 
have  made  your  wife's  acquaintance,  at  least  through 
the  picture;  likewise  Frau  and  Fraulein  Kreuzhagen, 
to  whom  I  had  to  show  the  pictures.  I  may  here 
remark  that  the  latter  (Anna)  is  to  marry  a  German 
physician  in  London,  who  formerly  studied  here. 

I  must  thank  you  too  for  your  various  publications, 
which  I  leave  to  others  to  read  and  report  to  me,  not 
being  myself  familiar  enough  with  the  English  lan- 
guage. I  am  glad  to  hear  that  you  are  contented 
with  yoiu*  position,  and  hope  and  trust  that  you  are 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    127 

making  yourself  indispensable  to  the  company,  that 
your  future  is  assured,  unless  another  sphere  of  useful- 
ness may  be  open  to  you  in  the  meanwhile,  which 
might  be  more  congenial  to  you  and  offer  still  greater 
pecuniary  advantages. 

To  judge  by  a  few  utterances  in  your  letter,  you 
are  still  having  an  eye  to  teaching,  although  you  seem 
to  be  aware  that  it  is  difficult  for  a  foreigner  to  obtain 
such  a  position.  Here  in  Germany  there  is  great  de- 
mand for  such  places.  I  could  not  hold  out  any  pros- 
pects for  you  at  this  moment. 

While  admitting  that  I  am  unfamiliar  with  condi- 
tions in  America,  it  surprised  me  that  your  company, 
which  produces  such  a  colossal  amount  of  salt,  does 
not  start  a  subsidiary  business,  e.g.  a  soda  factory  or 
a  manufactory  utilizing  the  ingredients  of  the  mother 
liquor.  Yet  I  am  aware  you  have  already  thought  of 
this  yourself  and  have  your  reasons  for  its  imprac- 
ticability. 

I  rejoice  to  hear  of  your  domestic  happiness  and 
your  fatherhood.  When  I  think  that  I  studied  with 
your  father  at  Marburg  and  that  now  his  son  tells  me 
of  his  children,  I  realize  from  this  and  many  other 
things  how  old  I  am.  Yesterday  I  celebrated  my  66 
birthday,  and  *unser  Leben  wdhret  70  Jahr  und  wenn 
ist  hoch  kommt  80*  Moreover,  I  am  feeling  well  and 
can  attend  to  my  duties  as  I  have  always  done.  But  I 
cannot  attend  to  the  special  functions  of  the  strenuous 
Practicum  as  well  as  formerly,  as  every  semester  sev- 
enty or  eighty  workers  use  up  a  quantity  of  material 
and  toob.  Therefore  I  must  leave  the  principal  details 


128    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

to  my  four  assistants  (Professor  v.  Uslar,  Professor 
Beilstein,  Dr.  Fittig  and  Dr.  Hiibner),  and  it  works 
quite  well.  Besides,  I  have  a  special  assistant  to  help 
me  in  my  lectures. 

You  would  find  here  many  things  changed  and 
many  quite  new.  Besides  the  large  new  laboratory 
there  are  fine  new  conservatories  in  the  Botanical 
Garden,  and  in  front  of  the  Weender  gate  (which  no 
longer  exists),  at  the  end  of  the  Botanical  Garden,  is  a 
new,  large,  very  stately  hall  which  cost  nearly  100,000 
thlr.  Adjoining  the  conservatory  a  new  residence  has 
been  built  for  the  director.  The  enlargement  of  the 
library  is  also  being  considered,  but  owing  to  the  sad 
war  now  prevailing  this  project  will  not  be  carried  out. 
Of  the  latter  conditions  I  shall  write  nothing,  they 
being  known  to  you  through  the  newspapers. 

Last  month  when  the  king  with  the  whole  Han- 
overian army  and  all  the  munitions  of  war  took  refuge 
here,  we  were  living  in  a  wild,  great  military  camp, 
daily  fearing  the  outbreak  of  a  battle  in  our  immediate 
neighbourhood.  After  the  departure  of  our  army  Got- 
tingen  was  occupied  by  the  Prussians.  Then  came  the 
disastrous  battle  of  Langensalza,  followed  by  the  cap- 
itulation of  our  army.  The  Prussians  have  also  been 
victorious  in  the  south,  where  they  occupy  all  of  Hesse, 
Nassau,  Darmstadt,  Frankfurt  and  a  gi'eat  part  of 
Bavaria.  Their  troops  are  already  near  or  in  Wiirz- 
burg.  At  present  there  is  an  armistice.  It  is  said  that 
all  of  Hanover,  the  Electorate  of  Hesse,  and  Nassau 
will  be  annexed  to  Prussia.  But  enough  of  these 
painful  events. 


LETTERS  OF  FRTEDRICH  WOHLER    129 

Hofmann's  report  of  the  Exhibition  of  1862  ^  has 
been  ready  for  you  for  a  long  time.  It  affords  me  pleas- 
ure to  give  you  this  fine  copy,  which  I  have  received  as 
a  gift  from  Hofmann  himself  (with  a  dedication  in  his 
own  hand).  But  it  is  useless  to  me,  since  I  do  not  un- 
derstand enough  English.  Now  I  shall  not  wait  any 
longer  for  an  opportunity  to  send  it  to  you,  but  will  do 
so  through  Dr.  Fliigel  of  Leipzig,  commissioner  of  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  I  ought  to  have  done  it  long 
ago.  Farewell  now,  dear  Doctor.  My  best  remem- 
brances to  your  wife,  and  have  always  a  kindly  feel- 
ing for, 

Your  truly  devoted, 

WoHLER. 

My  wife  and  three  daughters  (the  fourth  is  on  a 
visit  at  Hanau,  the  fifth  is  married  in  Hanover)  send 
their  best  greetings  and  are  glad  that  you  still  remem- 
ber them. 

Kindly  have  the  enclosed  letter  forwarded  to  Eso- 
pus.  Should  there  be  no  post  connexion  with  that 
place,  address  it  to  Columbia  College,  New  York, 
whence  it  will  be  sent  to  Esopus. 

GoTTiNGEN,  17  Dec.  1868. 
Dear  Gossmann,  — 

My  best  thanks  for  yoiu*  letter,  which  was  handed  to 
me  by  Herr  Darmstadt,  who  is  now  working  diligently 
in  our  laboratory  —  at  present  on  boron-nitrogen. 

*  Second  International  Exhibition,  London.  On  the  fly-leaf  is  written: 
'Herm  Hofrath  Wohler  hocbachtungsvoll  u.  freundschaftHcht  der  verf.'; 
and  underneath:  'Herm  Dr.  GOssmann  zur  freundlichen  Erinnerung  an  F. 
WoUer." 


130    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

The  occasion  of  these  lines  is  your  former  attendant, 
Frau  Kornrumpf .  She  told  me  last  summer  that  you 
were  godfather  to  her  boy,  now  five  years  old,  request- 
ing me  to  remind  you  that  thus  far  you  have  failed  to 
make  a  present  to  your  godchild.  I  had  forgotten 
all  about  it,  until  her  husband  called  on  me  yesterday 
with  the  express  purpose  of  again  reminding  me  of  it. 
I  hasten,  therefore,  to  let  you  know  the  wishes  of  these 
evidently  very  poor  people,  hoping  that  you  will  con- 
sider them  and  send  them  a  little  present  of  money  — 
j)erhaps  a  bill  of  exchange  on  Engelhardt's  mother. 
These  people  said  they  had  given  her  a  letter  to  you 
some  years  ago,  but  had  received  no  answer  thereto. 
In  case  you  feel  inclined  to  be  benevolent,  you  can  let 
them  have  the  money  through  one  of  the  Americans 
studying  here,  for  instance,  Mr.  Carmichael.  But 
should  you  want  to  send  it  directly  here,  you  may  ad- 
dress it  to  me. 

Here  everything  is  going  its  old  course,  with  some 
modifications,  since  we  are  Prussians.  Probably  your 
family  have  told  you  of  the  calamity  caused  here  and 
also  in  Fritzlar  by  the  recent  terrific  storm.  During 
the  Mass  the  roof  of  the  cathedral  fell  in,  killing  22 
persons,  mostly  women.  Here,  too,  houses  were  un- 
roofed, chimneys  thrown  down  and  a  great  number  of 
the  most  beautiful  old  trees  were  uprooted.  Our  public 
squares  are  in  an  especially  sad  condition. 

Please  remember  me  to  your  wife. 
In  best  friendship. 

Your 

WOHLEB. 


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LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    131 

I  congratulate  you  on  the  position  in  Massachu- 
setts, upon  which  you  are  going  to  enter  after  New 
Year. 


GoTTiNGEN,  11  Aug.  1869. 
Dear  Gossmann,  — 

Only  a  few  lines  to  ask  your  indulgence  for  not  an- 
swering your  letter  of  May  17  of  last  year,  which  was 
delivered  to  me  by  Herr  Darmstadt.  Moreover,  this 
gentleman,  who  was  working  very  diligently  in  my 
laboratory  and  has  since  received  his  degree,  has 
no  doubt  told  you  of  his  success  and  how  things 
are  here.  He  has  now  become  a  brewer,  and  is 
going  to  be  married  or  has  already  done  so.  He  is 
an  excellent  fellow  and  made  a  favourable  impression 
on  me. 

First  of  all  let  me  heartily  congratulate  you  on  your 
new  position.  I  am  delighted  that  you  are  having  such 
a  successful  career  in  America.  You  are  truly  to  be 
envied  for  having  seen  so  much  of  the  world,  and  had 
such  great  and  varied  experiences  beyond  the  sea. 
May  you  continue  to  prosper. 

I  ought  to  have  acknowledged  the  receipt  of  the  10 
thlr.  long  ago,  for  you  have  thereby  made  the  poor 
people  very  happy.  I  had  to  give  them  your  address 
and  guessed  they  wanted  to  thank  you  themselves, 
though  I  promised  to  do  it  for  them. 

The  bearer  of  this  is  Dr.  Storrs  from  Amherst,  whom 
I  can  recommend  most  particularly  to  your  favour. 
For  two  years  he  has  been  studying  chemistry  here 
and  now  hopes  to  find  a  desirable  position,  if  it  be 


132    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

only  as  an  assistant.    Perhaps  you  can  do  something 
for  him 

In  best  friendship, 

Your 

WOHLER. 

GoTTiNGEN,  23  Nov.  1875. 
Dear  Gossiviann,  — 

You  may  ascribe  it  to  my  conscientiousness  in  keep- 
ing promises,  if  I  take  the  liberty  of  troubling  you  with 
the  request  of  another.  You  remember  well  Frau 
Komrumpf ,  your  former  attendant,  whom  you  have 
once  before  aided  with  money.  For  years  she  has  been 
calling  on  me  from  time  to  time,  inquiring  whether  I 
have  received  a  new  contribution  for  her.  Finally  I 
had  to  promise  to  write  you,  calling  your  attention  to 
her  poverty.  I  always  delayed  writing,  fearing  it 
would  be  fruitless  to  request  you  for  further  aid. 
Whatever  I  could  give  her  was  only  a  little,  since  I  am 
contributing  a  sufficient  amount  towards  the  support  of 
the  poor.  Yesterday  she  came  again,  telling  me  of  the 
distress  she  and  her  husband  were  in,  and  asked  if 
nothing  yet  had  come  for  her.  From  all  she  (and  also 
recently  her  husband)  told  me,  and  what  seemed  to 
me  truthful,  they  must  be  in  great  need  at  present. 
They  do  not  live  here  any  longer,  but  at  Eldagsen, 
where  the  husband  is  a  railway  workman.  I  have 
now  kept  my  promise,  and  heartily  wish  that  I  may  be 
successful  and  you  will  once  more  send  a  small  con- 
tribution to  these  poor  people.  Should  you  be  dis- 
posed to  do  so,  you  may  send  the  money  to  me. 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER    133 

I  hope  all  continues  to  go  well  with  you.  For  a  long 
time  I  have  heard  nothing  from  you.  Here  things  are 
going  on  well  and  we  are  trying  to  be  good  Prussians. 
Last  semester  the  University  was  attended  by  1080, 
the  present  one,  by  a  little  over  1000.  The  laboratory 
attendance  is  so  great  that  there  is  scarcely  room  left, 
and  an  enlargement  is  being  considered.  I  am  now  76 
years  old,  and  no  longer  concern  myself  with  the  de- 
tails of  instruction  and  gave  up  lecturing  some  time 
ago.  I  have  only  the  general  direction  of  the  Institute. 
H'ibner  is  now  the  principal  one  lecturing,  having 
been  proposed  by  me,  and  appointed  professor  ordi- 
narius  and  assistant  director  of  the  Institute,  v.  Uslar 
is  head  of  the  pharmaceutical  division.  I  have  in  all 
six  assistants,  every  one  of  them  indispensable.  Prob- 
ably you  have  heard  that  Fittig,  my  former  assistant 
whom  you  remember  well,  has  become  professor  at 
Tubingen.  He  has  now  received  and  accepted  a  call  to 
Strassburg  to  succeed  Baeyer,  who  has  been  called  to 
Munchen  as  Liebig's  successor. 

My  family  are  well.  My  eldest  daughter  is  married 
to  Burgomaster  Merkel  of  this  place,  has  four  daugh- 
ters, the  oldest  of  which  is  engaged  to  a  physician,  so 
that  I  have  good  prospects  of  becoming  a  great-grand- 
father. My  youngest  daughter  is  married  in  London, 
and  has  three  children.  My  son,  who  is  an  economist 
at  Rodelheim  near  Frankfurt,  lately  rejoiced  in  the 
birth  of  a  daughter,  after  the  marriage  had  been 
without  issue  for  sixteen  years.  My  other  three 
daughters  are  still  single  and  are  very  likely  to  re- 
main so. 


134    CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN 

A  few  days  ago  our  botanist  Bartling  died,  77  years 
old. 

Farewell.  Greetings  from  me  to  your  dear  wife,  of 
whom  at  least  I  possess  a  photograph,  and  kindly 
remember, 

Your  truly  devoted, 

WOHLER. 

My  best  greetings  also  to  Professor  Clark.  I  shall 
send  you  with  this  letter  (under  separate  cover)  a  little 
joke,  which  is  not  intended  for  publication. 

GoTTiNGEN,  25  February  1876. 

Dear  Colleague  Gossmann,  — 

A  thousand  thanks  for  your  exhaustive,  interesting 
letter,  the  extraordinarily  beautiful  photographs  and 
the  money  for  the  Kornrumpfs. 

While  I  was  reading  in  the  first  the  sketch  of  your 
varied  life  in  America,  I  thought  of  the  remarkable 
occurrences  in  this  world,  how  I  could  not  foresee  55 
years  ago,  when  I  began  my  studies  at  Marburg,  that 
my  fellow-student  Gossmann  from  Fritzlar,  who 
played  the  flute  so  well  and  serenaded  the  belles  of 
Marburg  so  often,  while  I  held  the  lantern,  should  one 
day  have  a  son,  who  would  become  one  of  my  dearest 
pupils,  and  that  the  latter  would  now  be  living  in 
America,  for  19  years,  in  full  activity  and  laying  the 
foundation  for  a  most  happy  existence.  You  can  imag- 
ine how  interesting  it  was  to  me  to  have  such  a  vivid 
picture  of  your  family.  The  same  is  true  of  the  picture 
of  Clark,  to  whom  please  express  my  hearty  thanks.  I 
consider  him  also  as  one  of  my  most  lovable  pupils. 


LETTERS  OF  FRIEDRICH  WOHLER   135 

especially  since  he  and  poor  Manross  ^  were  the  first 
Americans  who  worked  under  me  here.  Only  one  had 
been  here  earlier,  Mr.  Booth,  now  in  Philadelphia;  but 
at  that  time  I  was  still  at  Cassel.  One  of  the  half  dozen 
Americans,  who  are  working  again  in  the  laboratory 
this  winter,  says  he  heard  of  Clark's  going  to  Japan. 

The  money  for  the  Kornrumpfs,  amounting  to  12 
thlr.  14  gr.,  was  paid  to  me  from  Koln.  At  first  I 
had  difficulty  in  finding  the  people,  since  they  are  no 
longer  here,  but,  as  I  afterwards  learned,  live  at  Har- 
degsen.  The  poor  devil  of  a  husband,  who  finally  came 
to  me  for  the  money,  was  almost  moved  to  tears.  He 
evidently  did  not  expect  so  large  a  siun.  He  wished  to 
write  you  himself  in  order  to  thank  you.  I  told  him  I 
would  do  it  for  him. 

Now  I  have  been  interrupted  by  visitors  waiting  to 
see  me,  and  it  is  high  time  for  this  letter  to  be  posted, 
so  that  it  shall  arrive  in  due  season  to-morrow  for  the 
steamer  at  Bremen.  Farewell.  Remember  me  to  your 
wife  and  greet  all  who  remember  me,  including  Pro- 
fessor Shepard. 

In  best  friendship. 

Your  WOHLER. 

Perhaps  an  opportunity  will  occur  to  you  to  have  a 
translation  of  the  enclosed  announcement  printed  in  an 
American  mathematical  journal  or  newspaper.  If  not, 
then  send  it  to  the  leading  bookseller  in  New  York. 

»  Newton  Spaulding  Manross  (Yale,  1850;  Ph.D.  GOttingen.  1852)  of 
Bristol,  Conn.,  and  William  S.  Clark  were  fellow-students  in  Wohler's 
Laboratory.  In  1861-62,  during  Clark's  absence  at  the  front  in  the 
Civil  War,  Manross  taught  his  classes  at  Amherst  College.  At  the  end 
of  the  year  he  raised  a  company  of  volunteers  at  Bristol,  was  made  cap- 
tain, and  fell  at  Antietam  leading  his  men. 


APPENDIX 


ABBREVIATIONS  OF  FOREIGN 
PUBLICATIONS 

AnUl.  Ber.  dextisch.  Naturf.  u.  ^erzte.  Amtlicher   Bericht    Uber   die 

Versammlung  deutscher 
Natiirforscher  und  Aerzte. 

Ann.  Chem.  Pharm Annalen    der    Chemie    und 

Pharmacie,  Leipzig  und 
Heidelberg.  Wohler,  Liebig 
und  Kopp. 

Ann.  chim.  phys Annales  de  chimie  et  de  phy- 
sique, Paris.  Gay-Lussac, 
Arago,  Chevreul,  Dumas, 
Pelouze,  Boussingault,  Reg- 
nault,  de  Senarmont  et 
Wurtz. 

Centr.  Agrik.-Chem BiedermannsCentral-BIattfUr 

Agrikulturchemie  und  ra- 
tionellen  Landwirthschafts- 
Betrieb,  Leipzig. 

Chem.  Centr Chemisches       Central-Blatt, 

Leipzig. 

Chem.-Pharm.  Centr Chemiseh  -  Pharmaceutisches 

Central-Blatt,  Leipzig. 

Chem.  Gaz Chemical    Gazette,    London. 

W.  Francis. 

Chem.  News Chemical  News,  London.   W. 

Crookes. 

Comptes  rendus  de  VAcad.  det  Sci. .  .  Comptes  rendus  de  I'Acad^- 

mie  des  Sciences,  Paris. 

Joum.  Chem.  Soc Journal  of  the  Chemical  Soci- 
ety of  London. 

Joum.  de  pharm Journal  de  pharmacie  et  des 

sciences  accessoires,  Paris. 

Joum.  fur  Landunrthschaft Journal  flir  Landwirthschaft, 

Gottingen-Weende. 
W.  Hennebcrg. 


140  ABBREVIATIONS 

Joum.  prakt.  Chem Journal  fUrpraktischeChemie, 

Leipzig.     O.  L.  Erdmann 
und  G.  Werther. 

Oesterreich.  Landw.  Wochenbl Oesterreichisches    landwirth- 

schaftliches     Wochenblatt, 
Wien. 

Pharm.  Joum.  Trans Pharmaceutical  Journal  and 

Transactions,  London.   Ja- 
cob BeU. 

Phil,  Mag London,  Edinburgh,  and  Dub- 
lin Philosophical  Magazine. 
Sir  David  Brewster,  Rich- 
ard Taylor,  Sir  Robert 
Kane,  William  Francis, 
John  Tyndall. 

Polytech.  Joum Polytechnisches  Journal, 

Augsburg. 

Quart.  Joum.  Chem.  Soc Quarterly     Journal     of     the 

Chemical  Society  of  Lon- 
don. 

Zeit.  anal.  Chem Zeitschrif t     f Ur     analy  tische 

Chemie,  Wiesbaden.  C.  R. 
Fresenius, 


LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS  OF 
CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN  ^ 


1853 

1.  Ueber  die  Bestandtheile  der  Canthariden.  Inaugural-Dis- 
sertation zur  Erlangung  der  philosophisclien  DoctorwUrde 
von  K.  A.  Goessmann  aus  Fritzlar.  Gottingen,  Druck  der 
Univ.-Buchdruckerei  von  E.  A.  Huth.  1853.   8vo,  SS.  38. 

2,  Ueber  die  Natur  des  Fettes  der  Canthariden.  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.  Bd.  Lxxxvi.  1853,  S.  317-330;  Joum.  de  pkarm.  t. 
XXIV.  1853,  pp.  378,  379;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1854,  S.  49, 
50;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xn.  1854,  p.  92. 

1854 

S.  Ueber  die  Arachinsaure.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  Lxxxix. 
1854,  S.  1-11;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxi.  1854,  S.  236-238; 
Polytech.  Joum.  Bd.  cxxxi.  1854,  S.  156,  157;  Chem.-Pharm. 
Centr.  1854,  S.  50, 51;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  xlvi.  1856,  pp.  230- 
232;  Quart.  Joum.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  vm.  1856,  p.  279;  Sur 
I'aeide  de  I'huile  d'Araehide.  Joum.  de  pharm.  t.  xxv.  1854, 
pp.  158,  159. 

4.  Ueber  die  Margarinsaure  im  Fette  der  Canthariden.  Ann. 
Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  lxxxix.  1854,  S.  123-125;  Joum.  prakt. 
Chem.  Bd.  lxi.  1854,  S.  238,  239;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1854, 
S.  50;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xii.  1854,  p.  92. 

5.  Ueber  die  Bestandtheile  der  Cacaobutter  (gemeinsam  mit 
C.  Specht).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xc.  1854,  S.  126-128; 
Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxii.  1854,  S.  310;  Chem.-Pharm. 
Centr.  1854,  S.  607;  Joum.  de  pharm.  t.  xxvi.  1854,  pp.  238, 
239;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xn.  1854,  pp.  306-308. 

6.  Neue  Methode  zur  Darstellung  der  BenzoglycolsSure.  Ann. 
Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xc.  1854,  S.  181-184;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem. 

*  A  few  short  papers,  usually  extracts  from  some  of  the  longer  ones,  ap- 
pear more  than  once  in  this  list.  Goessmann  was  in  the  habit  of  sending  the 
same  paper,  with  only  a  few  changes,  to  several  publications. 


142    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

Bd.  LXin.  1854,  S.  88,  89;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1854,  S.  672; 
Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xii.  1854,  pp.  310-312;  Journ.  de  pharm.  t. 
XXVII.  1855,  pp.  397-399. 

7.  Verwandlung  des  Thialdins  in  Leucin.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm. 
Bd.  xc.  1854,  S.  184,  185;  Journ.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  Lxni. 

1854,  S.  190;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1854,  S.  672;  Journ.  de 
pharm.  t.  xxvi.  1854,  p.  156;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xii.  1854,  pp. 
188, 325, 326:  — Lettre  de  M.  Wohler  a  M.  Dumas,  Comptes 
rendus  de  VAcad.  des  Sci.  t.  xxxvni.  1854,  pp.  555-557. 

8.  Ueber  die  Bildungs-und  Bereitungsweise  des  Aethylamins. 
Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xci.  1854,  S.  122-125;  Chem.-Pharm. 
Centr.  1854,  S.  751, 752;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  xlii.  1854,  p.  246; 
Journ.  pralct.  Chem.  Bd.  lxv.  1855,  S.  244;  Quart.  Journ. 
Chem.  Soc.  vol.  vm.  1856,  pp.  161-163. 

9.  Beitrag  zur  Kenntniss  des  Leucins.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd. 
XCI.  1854,  S.  129-138;  Jaum.  jrrakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxiii.  1854, 
S.  375-378;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1854,  S.  801-803;  Ann. 
chim.  phys.  t.  XLn.  1854,  p.  499;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xii.  1854, 
pp.  467-469;  Journ.  de  pharm.  t.  xxvn.  1855,  pp.  73-75. 

10.  Ueber  Leucin  und  Essigsaure-Aldehyd.  Vortrag  bei  der  Ver- 
sammlung  deutscher  Naturforscher  und  Aerate  in  Gottingen, 
September  1854.  AmU.  Ber.  deutsch.  Naturf.  u.  Aerzte,  1854 
(1860),  S.  50. 

1855 

11.  Ueber  eine  neue  Bildung  des  Amarins  und  Lophins,  Ann. 
Chem,.  Pharm.  Bd.  xciii.  1855,  S.  329-333;  Journ.  prakt. 
Chem.  Bd.  LXV.  1855.  S.  245-247;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1855, 
S.  266;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  XLV.  1855,  pp.  123, 124;  Chem.  Gaz. 
vol.  XIII.  1855,  pp.  144-146;  Quart.  Journ.  Chem.  Soc.  vol. 
vin.  1856,  pp.  161-163. 

12.  Ueber  die  Hypogasaure,  eine  neue  Fettsaure  im  Erdnussol 
(gemeinsam  mit  H.  Scheven).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xciv. 

1855,  S.  230-235;  Journ.  jxrakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxvi.  1855,  S.  83- 
85;  Chem.-Pharm.  Centr.  1855,  S.  468,  469;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol. 
xni.  1855,  pp.  209,  210;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  xlvi,  1856,  pp. 
230-232;  Jmim.  de  pharm.  t.xxix.  1856,  pp.  238,  239;  Quart. 
Journ.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  vra.  1856,  pp.  279-282. 

1856 

13.  Ueber  die  Verbindungen  der  Arachinsaure  (gemeinsam  mit 
H.  Scheven).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xcvii.  1856,  S.  257- 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    143 

265;  J&um.  j/rakt.  Chem.  Bd.  Lxvra.  1856,  S.  179-183;  Chem. 
Centr.  1856,  S.  309-312;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  XLvn.  1856,  pp. 
382-384  (Berthelot)  ibid.  pp.  355,  356;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol. 
XIV.  1856,  pp.  181-185. 

14.  Zur  Kenntniss  des  Lophins  (gemeinsam  mit  E.  Atkinson). 
Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xcvii.  1856,  S.  283-294;  Joum. 
prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  Lxvm.  1856,  S.  154-157;  Chem.  Centr.  1856, 
S.  420-422;  Quart.  Joum.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  tx.  1857,  pp.  220- 
226;  Phil.  Mag.  (4)  vol.  xn.  1856,  p.  55. 

15.  Darstellung  des  Cumarins.    Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  xcvni. 

1856,  S.  66;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  Lxvra.  1856,  S.  192; 
Chem.  Centr.  1856,  S.  478;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xiv.  1856,  pp.  210, 
211. 

16.  Ueber  einige  Verwandlungsproducte  der  HypogMsaure  (ge- 
meinsam mit  G.  C.  CaldwelXi).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd. 
xcrx.  1856,  S.  305-314;  Chem.  Centr.  1856,  S.  892,  893; 
Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxx.  1857,  S.  79-81;  Ann.  chim. 
phys.  t.  xux.  1857,  pp.  Ill,  112;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xv.  1857, 
pp.  23,  24;  Phil.  Mag.  (4)  vol.  xin.  1857,  p.  185. 

17.  Mangansaures  Kali  als  Entfarbungsmittel.  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.  Bd.  xcrx.  1856,  S.  373-376;  Chem.  Centr.  1856,  S.  735; 
Polytech.  Joum.  Bd.  cxlh.  1856,  S.  316,  317;  Phil.  Mag. 
(4)  vol.  XII.  1856,  p.  304;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  ixrs.  1857, 
S.  469,  470. 

18.  Vortheilhafte  Darstellungweise  des  Styracins.  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.  Bd.  xcix.  1856,  S.  376;  Chem.  Centr.  1856,  S.  735; 
Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  LXix.  1857,  S.  470;  Ann.  chim.  phys. 
t.  xux.  1857,  p.  109. 

19.  Triphenylamin,  ein  Zersetztmgsproduct  des  sauren  schwef- 
ligsauren  Zimmtsaure-Aldehyd-Ammoniaks.  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.  Bd.  c.  1856,  S.  57-69;  Chem.  Centr.  1856,  S.  897-899; 
Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxx.  1857,  S.  288-291;  Ann.  chim. 
phys.  t.  XLix.  1857,  pp.  372-374;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xv.  1857, 
pp.  45,  46;  Phil.  Mag.  (4)  vol.  xiii.  1857,  pp.  183, 184;  Amer. 
Joum.  Sci.  (2)  vol.  xxin.  1857,  p.  268. 

20.  Ueber  die  Wirkung  des  Chlorzinks  auf  Hippursaure.  Ann. 
Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  c.  1856,  S.  69-75;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem. 
Bd.  LXX.  1857,  S.  294-296;  Chem.  Centr.  1857,  S.  48;  Ann. 
chim.  phys.  t.  XLix.  1857,  pp.  374,  375. 

21.  Ueber  Bildung  von  krystallisirtem  Rhodansilber.  Ann.  Chem. 
Pharm.  Bd.  c.  1856,  S.  76,  77;  Joum.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxx. 

1857,  S.  245;  Chem.  Centr.  1857,  S.  SO;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t. 
Xiix.  1857,  p.  375;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xv.  1857,  pp.  25,  26. 


144    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

22.  Ueber  das  Huanokin,  eine  neue  Base  der  Chinarinde;  von 
A.  Erdmann.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  c.  1856,  S.  346;  Jaum. 
prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxx.  1857,  S.  423,  424;  Chem.  Centr.  1857, 
S.  551,  552;  Ann.  chim.  phys.  t.  l.  1857,  pp.  483,  484;  Chem. 
Gaz.  vol.  XV.  1857,  p.  365. 

1857 

23.  Ueber  die  Einwirkung  des  Jodathyls  auf  wolframsaures  Sil- 
beroxyd.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  ci.  1857,  S.  218,  219;  CAem. 
Centr.  1857,  S.  352;  Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xv.  1857,  p.  148. 

24.  Tricapronylamin,  ein  Zersetzungsproduct  des  sauren  schwef- 
ligsauren  Oenanthol-Ammoniaks  (gemeinsam  mit  C.  Th. 
Petersen).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  ci.  1857,  S.  310-313; 
ibid.  Bd.  en.  1857,  S.  318,  323;  Journ.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxxi. 
1857,  S.  171,  172,  490-492;  Chem.  Centr.  1857,  S.  193-199; 
Chem.  Gaz.  vol.  xv.  1857,  pp.  181-186. 

25.  Ueber  eine  neue  Bereitungsweise  des  Anilins  aus  Nitrobenzol 
(gemeinsam  mit  F.  Wohler).  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd.  cii. 
1857,  S.  127, 128;  Journ.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  lxxi.  1857,  S.  254; 
Chem.  Centr.  1857,  S.  560. 

26.  Eine  neue  Zuckerpflanze.  Aus  einem  Briefe  des  Dr.  Gossmann 
zu  Philadelphia  an  Hofrath  Wohler.  Ann.  Chem.  Pharm.  Bd. 
civ.  1857,  S.  335,  336;  Journ.  prakt.  Chem.  Bd.  Lxxra.  1858, 
S.  508. 

1858 

27.  Beitrfige  zur  Kenntniss  des  s.g.  chinesischen  Zuckerrohrs, 
Sorghum  saccharatum,  W.  Journ,  fur  Landvdrthschaft,  G5t- 
tingen,  N.F.  Bd.  i.  1858,  S.  294-323. 

1861 

28.  Contributions  to  the  Knowledge  of  the  Nature  of  the  Chinese 
Sugar-cane,  Sorghum  saccharatum,  W.  A  Paper  read  at  the 
Annual  Meeting  of  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society 
at  Albany,  February,  1862.  Trans.  New  York  State  Agric. 
Soc.  vol.  XXI.  1861,  pp.  785-811;  Albany:  Printed  by  Charles 
van  Benthuysen,  1862.  8vo,  pp.  27;  Johnson's  New  Univer- 
sal Cyclopaedia,  vol.  iv.  1878,  pp.  639,  640. 

1862 

29.  Analyses  of  Fine  Salt  (Boiled),  from  Saginaw,  Michigan,  and 
Hocking  Valley  and  Mason  City,  Ohio.  1861.  Report  of  the 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    145 

Salt  Company  of  Onondaga,  Syracuse,  1862,  p.  7.  Analyses  of 
Ashton  Salt  and  of  Onondaga  Factory-Filled  Salt.  Ibid.  p.  17. 

30.  Report  on  the  Chemical  Composition  of  the  Brines  of  Onon- 
daga, New  York.  Syracuse,  December  3, 1862.  12mo,  pp.  11. 
Annual  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Onondaga  Salt 
Springs.  Assembly,  State  of  New  York,  Document  No.  70. 
February  12,  1863,  pp.  27-30;  Senate,  State  of  New  York, 
Document  No.  89.  March  20,  1863,  p.  43;  Amer.  Journ.  Sci. 
(2)  vol.  XL.  1865,  p.  47;  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  1863-66. 
Ottawa.  1866,  pp.  267,  270. 

1863 

31.  Composition  of  the  Brines  taken  at  the  different  pump  houses 
on  the  5th  of  July,  1862,  at  Syracuse;  from  the  various  wells 
at  Saginaw,  in  October,  1862;  and  calculations  concerning 
the  relative  quantities  of  salt  which  result  by  the  evapora- 
tion of  Brine  from  diflFerent  districts  at  Syracuse,  and  from 
the  diflFerent  works  and  wells  at  Saginaw.  Senate  Report, 
State  of  New  York,  Document  No.  89.  March  20,  1863,  pp. 
20-22;  Legislature,  State  of  Michigan,  House  Document  No. 
37.  1865,  pp.  5,  6;  Geol.  Survey  Michigan,  vol.  iii.  1873- 
1876,  pp.  181-185,  194-196  ;  Bull.  U.S.  Geol.  Survey,  No. 
330,  1908,  p.  141. 

1864 

32.  Report  on  the  Manufacture  of  Solar  Salt  from  the  Brines  of 
the  Salt  Springs  of  Onondaga.  Syracuse,  December  1,  1863. 
Published  at  Syracuse,  by  Truair,  Smith  &  Miles,  January, 
1864.  8vo,  pp.  26.  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  1866-1869. 
Montreal,  1870,  pp.  231-238. 

33.  Contribution  on  the  Manufacture  and  Refining  of  Cane- 
Sugar.  Syracuse,  New  York:  Holman,  1864.  8vo,  pp.  12. 
Chemical  News,  London,  vol.  xi.  1865,  pp.  26-28,  51-53. 

1865 

34.  Notes  on  the  Manufacture  of  Sugar  in  the  Island  of  Cuba. 
Syracuse:  The  Journal  Book  and  Job  Office,  1865.  8vo,  pp. 
16.  Chemical  Netos,  London,  vol.  xi.  1865,  pp.  26-28,  51-53. 

1866 

35.  Report  to  the  State  Superintendent  of  the  Salt  Springs  of 
Onondaga,  New  York.  Syracuse,  January  9,  1866.  Annual 
Report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs. 


146    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

Assembly,  State  of  New  York,  Document  No.  19.  January  17. 
1866,  pp.  29-31. 

36.  Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  the  Mineral  Springs  of 
Onondaga,  New  York.  Syracuse,  February,  1866.  Syracuse: 
The  Journal  Book  and  Job  Office,  1866.  8vo,  pp.  22.  Amer. 
Joum.  Sci.  (2)  vol.  xlii.  1866,  pp.  211-218,  368-375;  Zeit 
And.  Chem.  Jahrg.  vi.  1867,  S.  223-225. 

1867 

37.  On  the  Rock-salt  Deposit  of  Petite  Anse:  Louisiana  Rock- 
salt  Company.  Report  of  the  American  Bureau  of  Mines.  New 
York,  January  4,  1867.  8vo,  pp.  35,  2  plans.  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Krunvledge,  248  (1872),  vol.  xxiii.  1881,  pp. 
14-20,  plans. 

38.  Rep>ort  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs 
on  the  Rock-salt  Deposit  upon  Petite  Anse  Island,  La.  Syra- 
cuse, N.Y.,  January  8,  1867.  Annual  Report  of  the  Superin- 
tendent of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs.  Assembly,  State  of 
New  York,  Document  No.  75.  January  10,  1867,  pp.  29-31. 

39.  Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  Brines.  Amer.  Joum.  Sci. 
(2)  vol.  xLiv.  1867,  pp.  77-87;  Trans.  New  York  Acad.  Sci. 
vol.  IX.  1889,  p.  43  ;  Dana's  System  of  Mineralogy,  6th  ed., 
1892,  p.  156  ;  BuU.  U.S.  Geol.  Survey,  No.  32,  1886,  p. 
35;  ibid.  No.  330,  1908,  pp.  141,  185,  186. 

1868 

40.  Rep>ort  to  the  Superintendent  of  the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs 
on  the  Salt  Resources  of  Goderich,  Canada,  etc.  Syracuse, 
January  11,  1868.  Annual  Report  of  the  Superintendent  of 
the  Onondaga  Salt  Springs.  Assembly,  State  of  New  York, 
Document  No.  19.  January  14,  1868,  pp.  13-15,  29,  36,  37, 
40;  Report  of  Progress,  186fr-69,  Geological  Survey  of  Canada, 
Montreal,  1870,  pp.  219,  220. 

41.  Report  on  the  Salt  Resources  of  Goderich,  Province  of 
Ontario  (Canada  West).  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  January  16,  1868. 
8vo,  pp.  18.  Report  of  Progress,  1866-69,  Geological  Survey  of 
Canada,  Montreal,  1870,  pp.  221-244,  passim;  Rapport  des 
Operations,  1866-69,  ibid.  pp.  242,  243,  255,  261-263. 

1869 

42.  Cheese  as  Food.  Paper  read  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of 
the  American  Dairymen's  Association  at  Utica,  N.Y.,  January 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    147 

12,  1870.    Fifth  Annual  Rept.  Amer.  Dairym.  Assoc.  1869-70, 
pp.  115-119;  Trans.  Hamp.  Agric.  Soc.  1871,  pp.  40-45. 

43.  Salt  and  its  Uses  in  Agriculture.  A  Lecture  delivered  at  the 
Public  Winter  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Pittsfield,  December  7,  1869.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1869,  pp.  18-40. 

44.  The  Blowpijje  Manual.  By  Theodor  Scheerer.  Translated  by 
William  S.  Clark.  Revised  by  Charles  A.  Goessmann. 
Amherst:  Storrs  &  McCloud.    1869.    12mo,  pp.  viii,  84. 

1870 

45.  Contributions  to  the  Chemistry  of  Common  Salt:  with  par- 
ticular reference  to  our  home  resources.  A  Pap)er  read  before 
the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Northampton  meeting, 
August  31,  1869.  Amer.  Joum.  Sd.  (2)  vol.  xlix.  1870,  pp. 
78-89. 

46.  Report  on  the  Production  of  Beet-Sugar  as  an  Agricultural 
Enterprise  in  Massachusetts.  Agric.  of  Mass.  Supp.  1870,  pp. 
12-48;  Eighth  Report  Mass.  Agric.  College,  1871,  pp.  44-80, 
4  plates;  American  Chemist,  vol.  i.  1871,  pp.  381-387,  399- 
404;  Sugar  Cane,  Manchester,  England,  vol.  m.  1871,  pp. 
257-263;  Scientific  American,  vol.  xxiv.  1871,  pp.  231-232; 
Amherst  Record,  April  12,  1871;  Alta  Commercial,  April  26, 
1871;  N.Y.  World,  April  5,  1871;  Fourth  Report  Nebraska 
Board  of  Agric.  1873,  pp.  85-120. 

1871 

47.  Notes  on  Saline  Deposits.  Am£rican  Chemist,  vol.  i.  1871,  p. 
442:  Kainit.   Amherst  Record,  March  29,  1871. 

48.  On  Stassfurt  Potash-Salts  as  Fertilizers.  American  Chemist, 
vol.  11.  1871,  pp.  5-7;  Agric.  of  Maine,  1871,  pp.  344-351; 
Amherst  Record,  April  19,  1871. 

49.  Report  on  the  Chemical  Composition  of  some  Dairy  Products 
(milk,  butter  and  cheese).  Trans.  Hamp.  Agric.  Soc.  1871, 
pp.  34-45;  Agric.  of  Mass.  Absir.  1871,  pp.  305-317. 

1872 

50.  Report  on  Sugar-Beets  Raised  upon  the  College  Farm.  Ninth 
Report  Mass.  Agric.  Coll.  1872,  pp.  32-63;  Amer.  Chem.  vol. 
11.  1872,  pp.  341-343.  378-383,  413-416;  Sugar  Cane,  vol.  iv. 
1872,  pp.  367-371,  469-473;  The  Grocer,  London,  May  11, 


148    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

1872,  p.  441:  reprinted.  New  York:  S.  Angell,  1872.   12mo, 
pp.  35;  The  Sugar  Beet,  Philadelphia,  vol.  i.  1880,  pp.  6,  7. 

51.  Notes  on  Sugar-Beets  for  the  Manufacture  of  Sugar.  Amer- 
ican CJiemist,  vol.  ni.  1872,  pp.  11,  12,  64-66. 

52.  Historical  Notes  on  the  Progress  of  the  Sugar-Beet  Cultiva- 
tion for  the  Manufacture  of  Sugar  within  the  United  States. 
Amer.  Chem.  vol.  iii.  1872,  pp.  18,  19;  Sugar  Cane,  vol.  iv. 

1872,  pp.  513-516;  Johnson's  New  Universal  Cyclopaedia,  vol. 
IV.  1878,  pp.  632-638,  2  figures. 

53.  Abstracts  and  Notices  of  Papers  in  'Wittstein's  Viertel- 
jahresschrift  fiir  praktische  Pharmacie,'  Bd.  xxi.  1872. 
American  Chemist,  vol.  ii.  1872,  pp.  393,  394. 

54.  Abstracts  and  Notices  of  Papers  in  *  Wittstein's  Viertel- 
jahresschrift  fUr  praktische  Pharmacie,'  Bd.  xxi.  1872. 
American  Chemist,  vol.  lu.  1872,  pp.  74-76. 

1873 

55.  Report  of  the  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College.    Tenth  Annual  Report,  1873,  pp.  54,  55. 

56.  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Tenth  Report  Mass.  Agric. 
Coll.  1873,  pp.  58-84;  Mass.  Ploughman,  March  15,  22,  29, 
and  April  5,  1873;  Hitchcock's  Geology  of  New  Hampshire, 
vol.  I.  1874,  pp.  554-558;  Baird's  Ann.  Rec.  Sd.  &  Ind.  1873, 
pp.  418,  419:  reprinted  under  the  title,  'On  the  Fertilization 
of  Farm  Lands  with  Reference  to  Commercial  Fertilizers.' 
Read  at  the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  New  York  State  Agricul- 
tural Society  at  Albany,  January  22, 1873.  Joum.  New  York 
State  Agric.  Soc.  January  and  February  1873;  Trans.  New 
York  State  Agric.  Soc.  vol.  xxxii.  1873,  pp.  254-265;  Amer. 
Chem.  vol.  iv.  1873,  pp.  139-142,  180-185;  Sugar  Cane,  vol. 
VI.  1874,  pp.  12-20,  62-78;  Albany,  N.Y.:  Van  Benthuysen, 

1873.  12mo,  pp.  26. 

57.  Statement  concerning  an  examination  of  a  sample  of  soil  sent 
by  J.  Sterling  Morton  ...  of  Nebraska.  Fourth  Report 
Nebraska  State  Board  of  Agric.  1873,  pp.  388-390. 

58.  On  Some  Home  Resources  of  Fertilizers  —  with  particular 
reference  to  Nitrogen  Plant-Food.  A  Lecture  delivered  at  the 
Public  Winter  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Fitchburg,  December  3, 1873.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1873,  pp.  112-132;  Amherst  Record,  December  24, 1873;  Mass. 
Ploughman,  March  28,  1874;  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of 
Agriculture  for  1874,  PP-  398-400;  New  Hampshire  Agric. 
1875,  pp.  297-312. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    149 

59.  Experiments  in  the  Cultivation  of  the  Sugar-Beet  Root  in 
the  State  of  New  York.  Trans.  New  York  State  Agric.  Soc. 
vol.  xxxn.  1873,  pp.  163-169. 

60.  First  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Inspector  of  Fertilizers. 
Read  at  Boston,  February  4,  1874  (reviewed  by  Prof.  A. 
Stockhardt  of  Tharandt,  Saxony).  Agric.  of  Mass.  1873,  pp. 
352-374;  Agric.  of  Maine,  1875,  pp.  226-228;  Baird's  Annual 
Record  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1875,  pp.  381,  382. 

1874 

• 

61.  Report  on  Experiments  with  Sugar-Beets.  Eleventh  Report 
Mass.  Agric.  Coll.  1874,  pp.  42-52;  Report  of  the  Commissioner 
of  Agriculture  for  1873,  pp.  307-309:  reprinted  under  the  title, 
'Exi>eriments  on  the  Cultivation  of  the  Sugar  Beet.'  Amer' 
ican  Chemist,  vol.  iv.  1874,  pp.  282-286;  Sd.  Farmer,  vol.  i. 
1876,  pp.  177,  204. 

62.  On  the  Best  Mode  of  Subduing  and  Utilizing  for  Tillage  the 
Salt-Marshes  in  this  State,  after  they  are  Drained.  Read  at 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Boston,  February  3, 1875.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1874, 
pp.  328-342;  Sd.  Fanner,  vol.  i.  1876,  p.  226. 

63.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Inspector  of  Fertilizers. 
Read  at  Boston,  February  4,  1875.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1874,  pp. 
351-393;  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for  1875, 
p.  507;  Baird' s  Annual  Record  of  Science  and  Industry  for  1876, 
pp.  372-375. 

64.  Abstracts  and  Notices  of  Papers  in  'Wittstein's  Viertel- 
jahresschrift  flir  praktische  Pharmacie,'  Bd.  xxii.  1873. 
American  Chemist,  vol.  iii.  1873,  pp.  466,  467. 

65.  Abstracts  and  Notices  of  Papers  in  '  Wittstein's  Vierteljahres- 
schrift  fUr  praktische  Pharmacie,*  Bd.  xxu.  1873.  American 
Chemist,  vol.  iv.  1873,  pp.  37,  38. 

1875 

66.  Paper  on  Commercial  Fertilizers  (being  an  abstract  of  official 
reports  for  the  years  1873  and  1874).  Twelfth  Report  Mass. 
Agric.  Coll.  1875,  pp.  66-76. 

67.  The  Sources  of  Salt,  with  particular  reference  to  our  Home 
Resources.   American  Grocer,  New  York,  March  20,  1875. 

68.  On  the  Manufacture  of  Salt.   American  Grocer,  April  3,  1875. 

69.  Coarse,  Common  Fine,  and  Dairy  Salt.  American  Grocer, 
April  10,  1875. 


150    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

70.  Dairy  Salt.  American  Grocer,  April  24,  1875;  Set.  Farmer, 
vol.  I.  1875,  pp.  13,  14. 

71.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  I.  (Notes  from  Professor  Goessmann's 
Lectures.  The  nine  articles  under  this  heading  were  reported 
by  E.  H.  Libby,  co-editor  of  the  Scientific  Farmer).  Set. 
Farmer,  vol.  i.  1875,  pp.  1,  2;  11.  pp.  15,  16;  III.  p.  30. 

72.  Percentages  of  the  more  Essential  Elements  in  some  of  the 
Common  Crops.   Sd.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1875,  p.  3. 

73.  Chemistry  of  Fertilization  (Notes  from  Professor  Goess- 
mann's Lectures).  Sci. Farmer,  vol.  1. 1875, pp.  29, 30;  II.  p. 41. 

•  74.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  IV.  The  Sources  of  Nitrogen  Plant 
Food  (Notes  from  Professor  Goessmann's  Lectures).  Sci. 
Farmer,  vol.  i.  1875,  p.  42;  V.  p.  53. 

75.  Potash  Salts  (Abstract  of  Lecture).  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  1. 1875, 
pp.  53,  54. 

76.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  VI.  Potash  as  Plant  Food  (Notes  from 
Professor  Goessmann's  Lectures).  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1875, 
pp.  65,  66. 

77.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  VII.  The  Phosphates  (Notes  from 
Professor  Gbessmann's  Lectures).  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1875, 
p.  77. 

78.  Second  Report  on  the  Salt-Marshes  above  the  Mouth  of 
Green  Harbor  River,  in  the  Township  of  Marshfield,  Ply- 
mouth County,  Massachusetts.  Read  at  the  Annual  Meeting 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture  at  Boston, 
February  2,  1876.   Agric.  of  Mass.  1875,  pp.  238-248. 

79.  Third  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1875,  pp.  293-343;  Sd.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  pp.  139, 
150. 


1876 

80.  Report  on  Work  in  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  (including  report  of  D.  P.  Penhallow). 
Thirteenth  Annual  Report,  1876,  pp.  52-63. 

81.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  VIII.  The  Phosphates.  2  (Notes  from 
Professor  Goessmann's  Lectures).  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876, 
p.  89. 

82.  What  Plants  Feed  On.  IX.  Lime  —  in  Plants  —  in  Soils. 
Sd.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  pp.  101,  102.  ' 

83.  Analysis  of  the  Onion.  A  Contribution  from  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College.  Sd. 
Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  p.  116;  Mass.  Ploughman,  September  9, 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    151 

1876;  Pharm.  Joum.  Trans.  (3)  vol.  xvin.  1887,  pp.  77,  78; 
Joum.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  vol.  mi.  1887,  p.  1137. 

84.  Cooked  vs.  Raw  Corn.   Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  p.  121. 

85.  On  Special  Fertilization.   Mass.  Ploughman,  June  17,  1876. 

86.  Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  American  Grape  Vines. 
Mass.  Ploughman,  June  24,  1876. 

87.  Special  Fertilizers.  Contributions  from  the  Chemical  Labo- 
ratory of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  July  15,  1876. 

88.  Composition  of  Cheese.  Analyses  of  Whole  Milk,  Skim-Milk, 
and  Oleomargarine  Cheese.  Article  I.  Mass.  Ploughman, 
July  29,  1876. 

89.  Influence  of  Special  Fertilizing  Materials  (Notes  from  Pro- 
fessor Goessmann's  investigations.  E.  H.  Libby,  reporter). 
Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  p.  161. 

90.  Influence  of  Special  Fertilization.  II.  (Notes  from  Professor 
Goessmann's  investigations.  E.  H.  Libby,  reporter).  Sci. 
Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  pp.  178,  179. 

91.  Urinary  Secretions.  A  Contribution  from  the  Chemical 
Laboratory  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  August  12,  1876;  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.  1876,  p.  232. 

92.  Mineral  Constituents  of  Urine  (herbivorous  animals).  Mass. 
Ploughman,  August  19,  1876;  ibid.  August  26,  1876. 

93.  Influence  of  Sp)ecial  Fertilizers.  Plaster  and  Magnesia  (Notes 
from  Professor  Goessmann's  investigations.  E.  H.  Libby, 
reporter).  Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  i.   1876,  p.  191. 

94.  Grasses  from  Germany  presented  to  the  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College.  Letter  from  Heinrich  Keller  of  Darmstadt 
(translated  by  C.  A.  Goessmann).  Mass.  Ploughman,  Novem- 
ber 18,  1876. 

95.  Article  on  Fertilizers.  Johnson's  New  Universal  Cyclopaedia, 
vol.  11.  New  York,  1876,  pp.  75,  76. 

96.  Third  Report  on  the  Improvement  of  Salt-Marshes.  Read  at 
the  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Boston,  February  6,  1877.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1876,  pp.  219-225. 

97.  Fourth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1876,  pp.  241-279;  Set.  Farmer,  vol.  u.  1876,  p.  87. 


1877 

98.  Report  of  the  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College.   Fourteenth  Anniud  Report,  1877,  p.  30. 


152    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

99.  Is  it  Butter?  (cited  in  reply  of  E.  H.  Libby  to  H.  A.  Mott). 
Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  n.  1877,  p.  6. 

100.  German  Forest  Seeds.  Mass.  Ploughman,  April,  1877. 

101.  Chemistry  in  Fruit  Culture  (strawberries  and  cherries).  Mass. 
Ploughmun,  April  21,  1877. 

102.  Chemistry  in  Fruit  Culture  (plums,  jjears,  apples,  etc.).  Mass. 
Ploughman,  May  5,  1877. 

lOS.  Letter  to  the  Editor,  on  How  to  make  Manure.  Daily  Fredo- 
nian.  New  Brunswick,  N.J.,  May  16,  1877. 

104.  Recent  Experiments  with  Sugar-cane  in  Louisiana.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  June  9,  1877;  AmJierst  Record,  September  19, 
1877. 

105.  CompKMition  of  Cheese.  Analyses  of  Whole  Milk  and  Skimmed 
Milk  Cheese.  Article  II.  Mass.  Ploughman,  June  30,  1877. 

106.  Letter  to  E.  H.  Libby,  on  the  Transformation  of  Potash  in  the 
Soil.   Sci.  Farmer,  vol.  ii.  1877,  pp.  142,  143. 

107.  Application  of  Night-soil.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1877,  pp.  192, 193. 

108.  Fourth  Report  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Salt-Marshes  in 
the  Town  of  Marshfield.  Read  at  Boston,  February  5,  1878. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1877,  pp.  253-257. 

109.  Fifth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1877,  pp.  313-342. 

1878 

110.  Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  the  American  Grape-vine. 
Read  before  the  American  Chemical  Society  at  New  York, 
March  7,  1878.  Fifteenth  Report  Mass.  Agric.  Coll.  1878,  pp. 
39-54;  Baird's  Ann.  Rec.  Sci.  &  Ind.  1878,  pp.  551,  552;  Proc. 
Amer.  Chem.  Sac.  vol.  n.  1879,  pp.  35-50. 

111.  On  Experiments  with  Sugar-beet  Roots.  Mass.  Ploughman, 
January  19, 1878.  Read  April  4, 1878.  Proc.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc. 
vol.  II.  1879,  pp.  56,  57. 

112.  Recent  Experiments  with  Sugar-cane  in  Louisiana.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  February  9,  1878. 

113.  Contributions  from  the  Agricultural  Laboratory.  (Analyses 
of  onions,  urinary  secretions,  mineral  constituents  of  urine, 
Owasco  gypsum,  cheese.)  Read  September  6,  1877.  Proc. 
Am£r.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  pt.  2,  1878,  pp.  60-66. 

114.  Chemistry  in  Fruit  Culture.  On  the  Growth  and  Composition 
of  the  Concord  Grape.  Mass.  Ploughman,  March  30,  1878. 

115.  On  Some  Experiments  with  Wild  Varieties  of  Grape-vines. 
Mass.  Ploughman,  May  18,  1878. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    153 

116.  Influence  of  Girdling  the  Vines  on  the  Growth  of  the  Grap>es. 
Mass.  Ploughman,  July  27,  1878;  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc. 
vol.  I.  1879,  pp.  428,  429. 

117.  Chemistry  in  Fruit  Culture  (apples  and  pears).  Mass.  Plough- 
man, August  24,  1878. 

118.  Chemistry  in  Fruit  Culture  (cranberries).  Mass.  Ploughman, 
September  28, 1878;  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc,  vol.  1. 1879,  pp. 
425-428. 

119.  Analyses  of  Phosphate  of  Lime.  Scientific  Farmer,  vol.  in. 
1878,  p.  142. 

120.  Article  on  Salt  (including  sea-water,  rock-salt,  brines,  coarse 
salt,  and  common  fine  salt  or  boiled  salt).  Johnson's  New 
Universal  Cyclopaedia,  vol.  iv.   New  York,  1878,  pp.  45-48. 

121.  Experiments  with  Com  of  Various  Kinds;  Nitrate  of  Soda 
as  a  Source  of  Nitrogen  for  Plant-growth.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1878,  pp.  78-80. 

122.  Fifth  Report  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Salt-Marshes  in  the 
Town  of  Marshfield.  Read  February  4, 1879.  Agric.  of  Mass. 

1878,  pp.  353-357. 

123.  Sixth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1878,  pp.  310-348. 

1879 

124.  Report  on  Early  Amber  Cane.  To  the  Directors  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Exp)eriment  Station.  Sixteenth  Report  Mass.  Agric. 
Coll.  1879,  pp.  29-41, 1  plate;  Amer.  Joum.  Sci.  (3)  vol.  x\^I. 

1879,  p.  488;  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  for 
1881,  Washington,  1882,  pp.  486-489,  pi,  xxi. 

125.  Report  on  the  Percolated  Waters  of  the  Lysimetre.  Sixteenth 
Report  Mass.  Agric.  Coll.    1879,  pp.  51-53. 

126.  Sugar  Beet  and  Beet  Sugar.  Mass.  Ploughman,  May  31, 1879. 

127.  Remarks  on  the  Sugar  Beet,  before  the  Berkshire  Farmers' 
Institute  at  Lee,  June  11,  1879.  Berkshire  Courier,  June  18, 
1879. 

128.  Experiments  with  Strawberries.  Mass.  Ploughman,  July  19, 
1879;  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  1879.  pp.  423-425. 

129.  Chemistry  in  Horticulture.  Address  before  the  Worcester 
County  Horticultural  Society,  February  13,  1879.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  July  26,  1879. 

130.  Report  on  Recent  Experiments  with  Sugar-cane  in  Louisiana. 
Read  April  4,  1878.  Proc.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  ii.  1879,  pp. 
52-56. 


154    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

131.  Examination  of  the  Minnesota  Early  Amber  Cane.  Joum. 
Amer.  Ckem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  1879,  pp.  44-50;  Mass.  Ploughman, 
March  22,  1879. 

132.  On  Experiments  with  Fertilizers  upon  Sugar-cane,  at  Calumet 
Plantation,  Bayou  T^che,  La.  Read  before  the  American 
Chemical  Society  at  New  York,  October  2,  1879.  Joum. 
Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  1879,  pp.  416-420:  reprinted  under 
the  title,  *  Sugar  Manufacture  from  Sugar-cane  in  Louisiana.' 
Mass.  PUmghman,  August  23,  1879. 

133.  Contribution  from  the  Chemical  Laboratory  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College  (sugar  in  corn-stalks  and 
melons).  Read  before  the  American  Chemical  Society  at 
New  York,  October  2,  1879.  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i. 
1879,  pp.  420-422;  Mass.  Ploughman,  April  19,  1879;  Oester- 
reich.  landw.  Wochenbl.  5  Jahrg.  1879,  Nr.  32,  S.  344;  Centr. 
Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  ix.  1880,  S.  122-124;  Joum.  Chem.  Soc. 
London,  vol.  xxxviii.  1880,  p.  594. 

134.  Contribution  to  the  Chemistry  of  Fruit  Culture.  Read  before 
the  American  Chemical  Society  at  New  York,  October  2, 
1879.  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  1879,  pp.  423-429. 

135.  Analysis  of  two  Intestinal  Calculous  Concretions  of  the  Horse. 
Read  before  the  American  Chemical  Society  at  New  York, 
October  2,  1879.  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  i.  1879, 
p.  430. 

136.  The  Relative  Value  of  Several  Varieties  of  Corn  for  Feeding 
Purposes.  A  Lecture  delivered  at  the  Public  Winter  Meeting 
of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture  at  Green- 
field, December  4, 1879.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1879,  pp.  221-256, 
figures;  Joum.  Amer.  Chem.  Soc.  vol.  ii.  1880,  pp.  7-12. 

137.  Contributions  to  the  Chemistry  of  Fruit-Culture  (conjointly 
with  S.  T.  Maynard).  Agric.  of  Mass.  1879,  pp.  344-368, 
figures. 

138.  On  the  Cultivation  of  the  Sugar-Beet  for  the  Manufacture  of 
Sugar  (being  a  review  of  earlier  investigations).  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1879,  pp.  378-402;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  viii. 

1879,  S.  816,  817;  Joum.  Chem.  Soc.   London,  vol.  xxxviii. 

1880,  p.  418. 

139.  Sixth  Report  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Salt-Marshes  in  the 
Town  of  Marshfield.  Read  February  3, 1880.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1879,  pp.  290-292. 

140.  Seventh  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1879,  pp.  307-340. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    155 

1880 

141.  Sugar  Beet  or  Sorghum.  Springfield  Union,  January  7,  1880; 
Springfield  Republican,  January  8,  1880. 

142.  Contributions  to  the  Examination  of  Eastern,  Western,  and 
Southern  Com.  Joum.  Amer.  Cltem.  Soc.  vol.  ii.  1880,  pp. 
7-12. 

143.  Oleomargarine  as  an  Article  of  Food.  Letter  of  Charles  A. 
Goessmann  to  the  United  States  Dairy  Company,  March  20, 
1880;  Report  of  the  Board  of  Health,  City  of  New  York,  1881, 
p.  74;  Bull.  U.S.  Dept.  of  Agric.  Div.  Chem.  No.  13,  1887,  pp. 
19,  21;  Report  of  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Massachusetts 
to  the  Legislature  upon  Oleomargarine,  Senate  Document  No. 
140,  April,  1888,  pp.  79,  80;  Address  of  James  F.  Babcock, 
before  the  Committee  on  Agriculture  of  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature,  January  24,  1890,  p.  6. 

144.  Atmospheric  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1880,  pp.  127,  128. 

145.  The  System  of  Preserving  Green  Food  in  Silos.  A  Lecture 
delivered  at  the  Public  Winter  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  at  Southborough,  December  2, 
1880.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1880,  pp.  156-170;  New  Hampshire 
Agric.  1880,  pp.  139-152. 

146.  Seventh  Report  on  the  Improvement  of  the  Salt-Marshes  in 
the  Tov/n  of  Marshfield.  Read  February  1,  1881.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1880,  pp.  195,  196. 

147.  Eighth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1880,  pp.  217-245. 

1881 

148.  Report  of  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  Eighteenth  Anniud  Report,  1881,  pp.  22,  23;  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1880,  pp.  140,  141. 

149.  On  Ensilage.  A  Paper  read  at  the  Meeting  of  the  Hampsliire 
Farmers'  Institute  at  Amherst,  March  12,  1881.  N.E.  Home- 
stead, March  19,  1881. 

150.  Letter  on  the  Production  of  Seed  Sugar  Beets  of  Superior 
Quality,  April  25,  1881.   The  Sugar  Beet,  vol.  ii.  1881,  p.  37. 

151.  Inquiry  touching  the  Cause  of  the  Peach  Yellows.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1881,  pp.  84,  85. 

152.  Restitution  as  applied  to  Vegetable  Growth;  Sources  of  Pot- 
ash.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1881,  pp.  143,  144. 

153.  Ninth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  qf 
Mass.  1881,  pp.  833-360. 


156    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

1882 

154.  Report  of  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.   Nineteenth  Annual  Report,  1882,  pp.  22,  23. 

155.  An  Agricultural  Exj)eriment  Station  for  Massachusetts. 
Statement  of  Charles  A.  Goessmann  before  the  Committee 
on  Agriculture  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature.  Mass. 
Ploughman,  March  4,  1882. 

156.  On  Mineral  Constituents  in  Plant  Growth.  A  Pap>er  read 
before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  at  Boston, 
March  18,  1882.  Trans.  Mass.  Hort.  Soc.  1882,  pp.  110-123; 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1882,  pp.  430-444:  read  also  at  the  Annual 
Meeting  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agricultural 
Science  at  Montreal,  August  21,  1882.  Proc.  Soc.  Prom. 
Agric.  Sci.  vol.  i.  1882,  pp.  58-63;  Montreal  Daily  Wiiness, 
August  21,  1882. 

157.  Analysis  of  Eel-grass.  Republican  Standard,  New  Bedford, 
July  13,  1882. 

158.  On  Muriate  of  Potash  as  an  Insecticide;  On  Feeding  Apple 
Trees;  On  Cattle  Commissioners  and  Cattle  Interests.  N.E. 
Homestead,  July  15,  1882. 

159.  Observations  regarding  the  Yellows  of  the  Peach.  Read  at 
Montreal,  August  21, 1882.  Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agric.  Sci.  vol.  i. 
1882,  pp.  63-66;  Montreal  Daily  Witness,  August  21,  1882; 
Houghton  Farm  Expt.  Dept.  ser.  in.  nos.  1  and  2,  pp.  29, 30. 

160.  The  Influence  of  Chemistry  on  the  Development  of  a  Rational 
System  of  Stock-Feeding.  A  Paper  read  at  the  Public  Winter 
Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture  at 
Northampton,  December  5,  1882.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1882,  pp. 
89-127;  N.E.  Homestead,  December  9,  1882. 

161.  Tenth  Annual  Rep>ort  on  Commercial  FertiUzers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1882,  pp.  345-382. 

162.  First  Report  of  the  Director  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station  at  Amherst.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1882,  pp.  405-418. 


1883 

163.  Organization.    Fodder  Analyses.    Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  1.   July,  1883,  pp.  15. 

164.  Fertilizer  Analyses.    Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.    No.  2. 
August,  1883,  pp.  8. 

165.  Fodder  and  Fertilizer  Analyses.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  3.   September,  1883,  pp.  12. 


OP  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    157 

166.  Fodder  and  Fertilizer  Analyses.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  4.   October,  1883,  pp.  12. 

167.  Fodder  and  Fertilizer  Analyses.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  5.   November,  1883,  pp.  12. 

168.  Scientific  Stock  Feeding.  N.E.  Homestead,  November  24, 
1883. 

169.  Fodder  and  Fertilizer  Analyses.  BiiU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  6.   December,  1883,  pp.  12. 

170.  Eleventh  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1883,  pp.  194-242. 

171.  First  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1883.  8vo,  pp.  112,  4  diagrams. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1883,  pp.  259-368. 

172.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health,  Lun.  and  Char,  of  Mass.  Supp.  1883,  pp.  149, 
150. 

1884 

173.  Report  of  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.  Twenty-first  Anniud  Report,  1884,  pp.  35-39;  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1883,  pp.  443-447. 

174.  Observations  in  Regard  to  Insects  Injurious  to  the  Apple 
(S.  T.  Maynard);  Experiments  with  Sf)ecial  Fertilizers  in 
Fruit  Culture;  Experiments  with  Currants;  Garden  Crops; 
Fertilizer  Analyses.  Bidl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  7. 
March,  1884,  pp.  12;  C^ntr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xiv.  1885, 
S.  67;  Joum.  Chem.  Soc.   London,  vol.  xlviii.  1885,  p.  589. 

175.  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Valuation  and  Analyses  of 
Fertilizers.  Bidl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  8.  April,  1884, 
pp.12. 

176.  Notes  upon  Insects  Injurious  to  Farm  and  Garden  Crops 
(S.  T.  Maynard);  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Fertilizer 
Analyses.  Bidl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  9.  May,  1884, 
pp.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xiv.  1885,  S.  281. 

177.  Observations  regarding  the  Vitality  of  the  Seed  of  Various 
Weeds,  and  the  Causes  of  Certain  Diseases  of  Grasses  (S.  T. 
Maynard)  ;  Notes  on  Feeding  Exp>eriments  with  Corn  Ensi- 
lage; Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses.  Bidl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  10.  June,  1884,  p.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg. 
XIV.  1885.  S.  253,  254. 

178.  Notes  on  Feeding  Exjjeriments  with  Corn  Ensilage,  contin- 
ued; Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Fertilizer  Analyses.  BtdL 
Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  11.  September,  1884,  p.  12. 


158    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

179.  Notes  on  Feeding  Exi>eriments  with  Gluten  Meal  as  a  Con- 
stituent of  the  Daily  Diet  of  Milch  Cows;  Fodder  and  Fodder 
Analyses.    Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  12.    October, 

1884,  p.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xiv.  1885,  S.  287. 

180.  Notes  on  Feeding  Experiments  with  Pigs;  Fertilizer  Analyses. 
Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  13.  November,  1884, 
p.  12. 

181.  Twelfth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agri^;.  of 
Mass.  1884,  pp.  285-329. 

182.  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1884.  8vo,  pp.  166.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1884,  pp.  331-492. 

183.  Rep>ort  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health,  Lun.  and  Char,  of  Mass.  Supp.  1884,  pp.  194- 
802. 

1885 

184.  RepK)rt  of  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
CoUege.  Twenty-second  Annual  Report,  1885,  pp.  21,  22; 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1884,  pp.  531,  532. 

185.  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Valuation  and  Analyses  of 
Fertilizers.    BvU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  14.    March, 

1885,  pp.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xv.  1886,  S.  503. 

186.  Notes  on  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Analyses  of 
Fodder  Articles;  Fertilizer  Analyses;  Meteorological  Sum- 
mary. Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  15.  April,  1885, 
p.  12.   Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xiv.  1885,  S.  859. 

187.  Fodder  Analyses;  Analyses  of  Garden  Crops;  Fertilizer 
Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.' Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  16.  July,  1885,  p.  12. 

188.  Fodder  Analyses;  Analyses  of  Fruits;  Analyses  of  Weeds;  Fer- 
tilizer Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric. 
Expt.  Stat.  No.  17.  August,  1885,  p.  12. 

189.  Notes  on  Feeding  Experiments  with  Pigs;  Fodder  Analyses; 
Fertilizer  Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass. 
Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  18.   October,  1885,  p.  20. 

190.  Rotation  of  Crop)s.  A  Lecture  delivered  at  the  Public  Winter 
Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture  at 
Framingham,  December  2,  1885.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1885,  pp. 
124-150.  Read  at  Providence,  January  14,  1886.  Agric.  of 
Rhode  Island,  1886,  pp.  4-30. 

191.  Thirteenth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1885,  pp.  321-364. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    159 

192.  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1885. 
Pvblic  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  141. 

193.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  oj  Health,  Lun.  and  Char,  oj  Mass.  Supp.  1885,  pp.  166- 
173. 

194.  Manual  of  Agriculture  for  the  School,  the  Farm,  and  the  Fire- 
side. By  George  B.  Emerson  and  Charles  L.  Flint.  Revised 
by  Charles  A.  Goessmann.  New  York:  Orange  Judd  Com- 
pany. 1885.  12mo,  pp.  iv,  284. 


1886 

195.  Report  of  Chemical  Department,  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.   Twenty-third  Annual  Report,  1886,  pp.  23,  24. 

196.  Results  of  Inquiries  conducted  by  the  Health  Department  of 
the  State  Board  of  Health,  Lunacy,  and  Charity,  relative  to 
the  quality  of  milk  as  produced  in  Massachusetts.  Boston, 
February,  1886,  passim. 

197.  Valuation  and  Analyses  of  Fertilizers;  Meteorological  Sum- 
mary. Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  19.  April,  1886, 
pp.  12. 

198.  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Fertilizers  and  Fertilizer 
Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  20.  May,  1886,  pp.  12. 

199.  Fodder  Com  and  Com  Ensilage;  Fertilizers;  Meteorological 
Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  21.  June,  1886, 
pp.12. 

200.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Fodder  and  Fodder 
Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  22.   October,  1886,  pp.  12. 

201.  Objections  to  the  Hatch  Bill.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1886,  pp.  96,  97. 

202.  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1886,  pp.  335-394. 

203.  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Exjjeriment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1886. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  136, 1  plate.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1886,  pp.  421-544. 

204.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1886,  pp.  147-154. 

205.  Address  at  the  Dinner  of  the  New  York  Farmers,  New  York, 
Thursday,  January  20,  1887.  Proceedings  of  the  New  York 
Farmers,  1887. 


160    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

1887 

206.  On  Rational  Fertilization  of  Garden  Crops  and  Fruits.  A 
Paper  read  before  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  at 
Boston,  March  5,  1887.  Trans.  Mass.  Hmt.  Soc.  1887,  pp. 
171-183,  1  plate. 

207.  Trade  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients  in  Raw  Materials  and 
Chemicals;  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Meteorological 
Summary.    BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  23.    March, 

1887,  pp.  12. 

208.  Suggestions  upon  Planting  Trees  and  Small  Fruits  (S.  T. 
Maynard)  ;  Fertilizer  Analyses;  Fodder  and  Fodder  Analyses; 
Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  24.  April,  1887,  pp.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xvn. 

1888,  S.  355. 

209.  Notes  on  Feeding  Exj)eriments  with  Pigs;  Meteorological 
Summary.  BvJl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  25.  July,  1887, 
pp.  16;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xvii.  1888,  S.  259-262. 

210.  Food  and  Fodder  Analyses;  Fertilizers  and  Fertilizer  Analy- 
ses; Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  26.  August,  1887,  pp.  12. 

211.  Notes  on  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Meteoro- 
logical Summary.  BvU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  27. 
October,  1887,  pp.  16;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xvii.  1888, 
S.  258,  259. 

212.  The  Hay-Field  and  English  Hay.  A  Lecture  delivered  at  the 
Public  Winter  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Springfield,  December  7, 1887.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1887,  pp.  163-191;  reprinted  under  the  title,  'The  Grass  Crop 
and  its  Relation  to  Farming.'  Read  at  Providence,  February 
24,  1888.   Agric.  of  Rhode  Island,  1888,  pp.  50-66. 

213.  Fifteenth  Annual  Report  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1887,  pp.  485-551. 

214.  Fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1887. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  267,  4  plates,  4  plans,  2 
maps.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1887,  pp.  555-802. 

215.  Rep>ort  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1887,  pp.  185,  186. 

1888 

216.  Trade  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients  in  Raw  Materials  and 
Chemicals;  Analyses  of  Fertilizers;  Fodder  Analyses;  Meteor- 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    161 

ological  Summary.   Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stai.  No.  28. 
March,  1888,  pp.  12. 

217.  The  Work  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Exp)eriment  Station. 
Address  delivered  at  the  Farmers'  Meeting  at  Boston,  April 
21,  1888.  Mass.  Ploughman,  May  5,  1888. 

218.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  May 
14,  1888,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  564,  565. 

219.  Fodder  Analyses;  Analyses  of  Roots;  Meteorological  Sum- 
mary. Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  29.  June,  1888, 
pp.  12. 

220.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  Jime, 
1888,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  566,  567. 

221.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  July, 
1888,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  568,  569. 

222.  Notes  on  Feeding  Experiments  with  Pigs;  Meteorological 
Summary.    Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  30,    August, 

1888,  pp.  16. 

223.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst, 
August,  1888,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  570,  571. 

224.  On  Commercial  Fertihzers;  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertiliz- 
ers and  Manurial  Substances.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stai. 
No.  31.  October,  1888,  pp.  16. 

225.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Conunercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst, 
October,  1888,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  572,  573. 

226.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst, 
November,  1888,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  574,  575. 

227.  Sixth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1888. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  264,  15  plates,  3  plans, 
2  maps.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1888,  pp.  413-658;  Centr.  Agrik.- 
Chem.  Jahrg.  xvni.  1889,  S.  526-531, 

228.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts,  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1888,  pp.  101,  102. 

1889 

229.  Instructions  to  Manufacturers,  Importers,  Agents  and  Sellers 
of  Commercial  Fertilizers  or  Materials  used  for  Manurial 
Purposes  in  Massachusetts,     Amherst,  Mass.  February  1, 

1889,  pp.  1. 

230.  Record  of  Twelve  Cows,  which  served  for  Experiments  to 
ascertain  the  Cost  of  Feed  for  the  Production  of  Milk;  Ana- 
lyses of  Fodder  Articles;  Meteorological  Summary.    Bull. 


162    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

Mass.  Agric.  Expt  Stat.  No.  32.  February,  1889,  pp.  12; 
Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xviii.  1889,  S.  719;  Report  of  the 
Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  1889,  pp.  520-522; 
Joum.  Chem.  Soc.  London,  vol.  lviii.  1890,  p.  192. 

231.  On  Commercial  Fertilizers.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  33.  March,  1889,  pp.  12. 

232.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  April, 
1889,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1889,  pp.  245,  246. 

233.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  May, 
1889,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1889,  pp.  247,  248. 

234.  Department  of  Vegetable  Physiology  (J.  E.  Humphrey); 
Creamery  Record  of  the  Station  during  the  years  1887  and 
1888;  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Meteoro- 
logical Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  34.  June, 
1889,  pp.  16;  Report  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Washing- 
ton, 1889,  pp.  520-522. 

235.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  July, 
1889,  pp.  8.   Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1889,  pp.  251-254. 

236.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst, 
August,  1889,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1889,  pp.  255,  256. 

237.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  Sep- 
tember, 1889,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1889,  pp.  257,  258. 

238.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Meteorological  Sum- 
mary. BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  35.  November, 
1889,  pp.  12. 

239.  Seventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1889. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  333, 8  plates,  2  maps.  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1889. 

240.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1889,  p.  135. 


1890 

241.  Girdling  theGrape  Vine;  by  S.  T.  Maynard  (analyses  only). 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  7.  January,  1890,  p.  5. 
Analyses  of  Varieties  of  Sweet  Corn.   Ibid.  p.  9. 

242.  Some  Suggestions  Regarding  the  Question  —  How  can  we 
Improve  in  an  Economical  Way  the  Productiveness  of  our 
Farm-Lands?  Analyses  of  Com  Ensilage;  On  Commercial 
Fertilizers;  Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  36.  March,  1890,  pp.  16;  Report  of  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  Washington,  1890,  p.  523. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    163 

243,  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  May, 
1890,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1890,  pp.  243,  244, 

244,  Soil  Tests  with  Fertilizers;  by  W,  P.  Brooks  (analyses  only). 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  9.  May,  1890, 

245,  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  June, 
1890,  pp.  4,  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1890,  pp.  245,  246, 

246,  Feeding  Experiments  with  Lambs;  Analyses  of  Fodder  Arti- 
cles; Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Meteorological  Sum- 
mary. Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  37,  June,  1890,  pp, 
16;  Centr.  Agnk.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xxi,  1892,  S.  96-100. 

247,  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst, 
August,  1890,  pp.  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1890,  pp.  249,  250, 

248,  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Analyses  of  Commer- 
cial Fertilizers,  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  38.  Sep- 
tember, 1890,  pp.  12;  Centr.  Agrik.-Chem.  Jahrg.  xx.  1891, 
S.  390-392. 

249,  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers,  Amherst, 
November,  1890,  pp,  4.  Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1890,  pp.  255, 
256. 

250,  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1890. 
Public  Document  No,  33.  8vo,  pp.  324,  4  plates,  2  maps. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1890, 

251,  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1890,  p.  444, 


1891 

252.  Report  on  Strength  of  Rennet  (W,  P.  Brooks).  Bull.  Hatch 
Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  11,   January,  1891,  pp,  3-7,  passim. 

253.  The  Ensilage  Question,  Baltimore  Weekly  Sun,  February  21, 
1891. 

254.  Circular  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  March,  1891, 
pp.8. 

255.  Treatment  of  Fungous  Diseases  (J.  E.  Humphrey)  ;  Meteoro- 
logical Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  39.  April, 
1891,  pp.  12,  figures, 

256.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers,  Amherst,  April, 

1891,  pp.  4.   Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1891,  pp.  265,  266. 

257.  Girdling  Grapes;  by  Ja3ez  Fisher  (analyses  only).  Bull. 
Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  13,  April,  1891,  pp.  11,  12. 

258.  Report  of  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  May, 
1891,  pp.  4,   Agric.  of  Mass.  App.  1891,  pp.  267,  268. 


164    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

259.  Fertilizers  for  Corn;  by  W.  P.  Brooks  (analyses  only).  BuU. 
Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  14.  May,  1891. 

260.  Some  Diseases  of  Lettuce  and  Cucumbers  (J.  E.  Humphrey)  ; 
Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Feeding  Experiments 
with  Steers;  Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric. 
Expt.  Stat.  No.  40.  July,  1891,  pp.  16;  Cenir.  Agrik.-Chem. 
Jahrg.  XX.  1891,  S.  665-671;  Joum.  fur  Landvnrthschaft,  Bd. 
XL.  1892,  S.  193,  194. 

261.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Analyses  of  Com- 
mercial Fertilizers;  Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass. 
Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  41.  September,  1891,  pp.  16;  Joum. 
fur  Landwirthschaft,  Bd.  XL.  1892,  S.  194. 

262.  On  the  Breeding  and  Feeding  of  Swine.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1891, 
pp.  208-214. 

263.  Ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1891. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  352,  2  plates,  2  maps. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1891. 

264.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachuestts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1891,  pp.  697,  698. 


1892 

265.  Analyses  of  Concentrated  Feed  Stuffs  and  Commercial  Fer- 
tilizers.  Amherst,  January,  1892,  pp.  8. 

266.  Circular  on  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  March,  1892, 
pp.8. 

267.  Soil  Tests  with  Fertilizers;  by  W.  P.  Brooks  (analyses 
only).  BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  18.  April, 
1892. 

268.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances. 
Amherst,  May,  1892,  pp.  4. 

269.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Milch  Cows;  Analyses  of  Fodder 
Articles.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  42.  June,  1892, 
pp.16. 

270.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances. 
Amherst,  July,  1892,  pp.  4. 

271.  Winter  Feeding  Experiments  with  Lambs;  Analyses  of  Com- 
mercial FertiUzers  and  Manurial  Substances;  Meteorological 
Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  43.  August, 
1892,  pp.  12. 

272.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Amherst,  September, 
1892,  pp.  4. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    165 

273.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Steers;  Meteorological  Summary. 
Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  44.  October,  1892,  pp.  16. 

274.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances. 
Amherst,  October,  1892,  pp.  4. 

275.  Home  Raised  Fodder  Articles;  Commercial  Feed  Stuffs.  BuU. 
Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  45.   November,  1892,  pp.  15. 

276.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances. 
Amherst,  November,  1892,  pp.  4. 

277.  Cattle  Foods.   Agriculture  of  Massachusetts,  1892,  p.  51. 

278.  On  the  Work  carried  on  at  the  Massachusetts  State  Agricul- 
tural Exp>eriment  Station  during  1892.  A  Lecture  delivered 
at  the  Winter  Meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of 
Agriculture  at  Sp)encer,  December  8,  1892.  Agric.  of  Mass. 
1892,  pp.  212-218. 

279.  Tenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1892. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  354,  5  plates,  2  maps. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1892. 

280.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1892,  p.  651. 


1893 

281.  Circular  on  Commercial  Fertilizers  (represents  Bulletin  46). 
Amherst,  March,  1893,  pp.  8. 

282.  Feeding  Experiments  with  Pigs  (J.  B.  Lindsey);  Miscellane- 
ous Fodder  Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass. 
Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  47.  May,  1893,  pp.  16.' 

283.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances. 
Amherst,  May,  1893,  pp.  4. 

284.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Fodder  Articles; 
Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No. 

48.  June.  1893,  pp.  8. 

285.  Analyses  of  Commercial  FertiUzers  and  Fodder  Articles; 
Meteorological  Summary.  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No. 

49.  August,  1893,  pp.  8. 

286.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Miscellaneous  Fodder 
Analyses;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bidl.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  50.   October,  1893,  pp.  8. 

287.  Eleventh  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1893. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  Svo,  pp.  407,  5  plates.  Agric.  of 
Mass.  1893. 


166    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

288.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1893,  pp.  687,  688. 


1894 

289.  General  Discussion  on  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Analyses  of 
Fodder  Articles.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat.  No.  51.  March, 
1894,  pp.  8. 

290.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Analyses  of  Fodder 
Articles;  Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  52.  June,  1894,  pp.  8. 

291.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  53.   July,  1894,  pp.  8. 

292.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  54.  August,  1894,  pp.  8. 

293.  Statement  of  Publications,  previous  to  the  Establishment  of 
U.S.  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations,  by  C.  A.  Goessmann. 
Prepared  for  the  Use  of  the  Oflfice  of  the  U.S.  Agr'l  Experi- 
ment Stations.  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.C. 
Amherst,  August,  1894,   pp.  4. 

294.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stai.  No. 
55.  October,  1894,  pp.  8. 

295.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Analyses  of  Fodder  Arti- 
cles; Meteorological  Smnmary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  50.  November,  1894,  pp.  8. 

296.  Experiments  with  the  Horse  Bean,  Vetch  and  Similar  Fodder 
Plants.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1894,  pp.  154,  155. 

297.  Twelfth  Annual  Report  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  at  Amherst,  Mass.  1894. 
Public  Document  No.  33.  8vo,  pp.  487,  6  plates,  1  plan.  Agric. 
of  Mass.  1894. 

298.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1894,  pp.  755,  756. 


1895 

299.  Analyses  of  Human  Food  Articles  (Oats) ;  Analyses  of  Fodder 
Articles;  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances;  Trade  Values; 
Meteorological  Summary.  Bull.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt.  Stat. 
No.  57.  March,  1895,  pp.  8. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    167 

300.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Trade  Values.  BuU.  Hatch  Expl.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  30.  June, 
1895,  pp.  8. 

301.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Trade  Values.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  31.  July, 
1895,  pp.  8. 

302.  Analyses  of  Commercial  Fertilizers  and  Manurial  Substances; 
Trade  Values.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  32.  August, 
1895,  pp.  8. 

303.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  sent  on  for  Examination; 
Analyses  of  Licensed  Fertilizers  collected  by  the  Agent  of  the 
Station  during  1895.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  34. 
October,  1895,  pp.  8. 

304.  Agriculture  in  the  Elementary  Schools.  Agric.  of  Mass.  1895, 
p.  46. 

305.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1895,  pp.  683-685. 


1896 

306.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Eighth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass. 

1896,  pp.  111-162. 

307.  General  Discussion  on  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Analyses  of 
Fertihzing  Materials;  Observations  regarding  the  Composi- 
tion of  Paris  Green;  Observations  concerning  the  Action  of 
Muriate  of  Potash  on  the  Lime  Constituents  of  the  Soil.  Bull. 
Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  38.  March,  1896,  pp.  16. 

308.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  40.  July,  1896,  pp.  20. 

309.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances;  Analyses  of  Licensed  Fer- 
tilizers; New  Laws  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Trade  in  Com- 
mercial Fertilizers  in  Massachusetts.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  No.  42.  October,  1896,  pp.  31. 

310.  The  Grass  Crop.  Bulletins  of  the  Massachusetts  Board  of 
Agriculture,  published  in  Massachusetts  Crop  Reports,  1896. 
Agric.  of  Mass.  1896,  pp.  249-263. 

31 L  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1896,  pp.  644,  645. 

1897 

812.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Ninth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass. 

1897,  pp.  172-223. 


168    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

313.  General  Discussion  on  Commercial  Fertilizers;  Analyses  of 
Fertilizing  Materials  sent  on  for  Examination;  New  Fertilizer 
Law.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  45.  March,  1897, 
pp.  16. 

314.  On  Field  Experiments  with  Tobacco  in  Massachusetts.  Bull. 
Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  47.   April,  1897,  pp.  31. 

315.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  48.   July,  1897,  pp.  24. 

316.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  49.  November,  1897,  pp.  24. 

317.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Kept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1897,  pp.  581,  582. 

1898 

318.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Tenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass. 
1898,  pp.  106-136. 

319.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  51.  February,  1898,  pp.  12. 

320.  On  the  Value  of  Sulphate  of  Ammonia  —  a  By-product  of  the 
New  England  Gas  and  Coke  Ovens  at  Everett.  Boston  Journal, 
March  26,  1898,  portrait;  Mass.  Ploughman,  April  23,  1898; 
N.E.  Farmer,  April  23,  1898. 

321.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  54.  July,  1898,  pp.  24, 
1  plate. 

322.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  57.  November,  1898,  pp.  24. 

323.  Report  of  Analyst  of  Milk  for  Western  Massachusetts.  Rept. 
Board  of  Health  Mass.  1898,  pp.  720,  721. 

1899 

324.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Eleventh  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1899,  pp.  105-141. 

825.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stai.  Mass.  No.  59.  March,  1899,  pp.  14. 

326.  Alma  Mater,  Dum  Vivimus  Te  Salutamus!  A  Bouquet  of 
Souvenirs  of  Gottingen.  'Superior  Scholarship.'  American- 
German  Review,  New  York,  vol.  i.  1899,  p.  167,  portrait. 

327.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  62.  July,  1899,  pp.  20. 

328.  Letter  from  MUnster,  Germany,  September  18,  1899.  Aggie 
Life,  vol.  X.  October  4,  1899,  pp.  21,  22. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    169 

329.  Letter  from  Gottingen,  Germany,  October  23,  1899.  Aggie 
Life,  vol.  X.   November  29,  1899,  pp.  66,  67. 

330.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BuU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  63.  November,  1899,  pp.  26. 

1900 

331.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Twelfth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass. 
1900,  pp.  108-122. 

332.  Letter  from  Berlin,  Germany,  December,  1899.  Aggie  Life, 
vol.  X.   February  7,  1900,  pp.  100,  101. 

333.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Listructions  regarding  Samples  of  Materiab  forwarded  for 
Investigation;  Discussion  of  Trade  Values  of  Fertilizing 
Ingredients;  Instructions  to  Manufacturers,  Importers, 
Agents,  and  Sellers  of  Commercial  Fertilizers.  Bull.  Hatch 
Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  65.   March,  1900,  pp.  14. 

334.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  68.   July,  1900,  pp.  28. 

335.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
BvU.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  70.  November,  1900,  pp.  26. 

1901 

836.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Thirteenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1901,  pp.  55-70. 

337.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances,  of  Paris  Green  and  other 
Insecticides;  Laws  for  the  Regulation  of  the  Trade  in  Com- 
mercial Fertilizers  in  Massachusetts.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  No.  74.   March,  1901,  pp.  16. 

338.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull' Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  75.   July,  1901,  pp.  24. 

339.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  77.  November,  1901,  pp.  30. 

1902 

340.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Fourteenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1902,  pp.  91-107. 

341.  Analyses  of  Fertilizing  Substances  sent  on  for  Free  Examina- 
tion; ^\nalyses  of  Paris  Green;  Contribution  on  the  Treatment 
of  Barnyard  Manure  with  Absorbents  (H.  D.  Haskjns).  Bull. 
Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  81.   March,  1902,  pp.  20. 

342.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  83.  July,  1902,  pp.  24. 


170    LIST  OF  THE  PUBLISHED  WRITINGS 

843.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  84.  November,  1902,  pp.  30. 

1903 

344.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Fifteenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1903,  pp.  9-25. 

345.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances;  Discussion  of  Trade  Values 
of  Fertilizing  Ingredients;  Discussion  on  the  Ash  Analyses  of 
Plants;  Instructions  regarding  the  Sampling  of  Materials  sent 
on  for  Examination.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  89. 
March,  1903,  pp.  15. 

346.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.   No.  90.  July,  1903,  pp.  30. 

347.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  92.  November,  1903,  pp.  36. 

1904 

348.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Sixteenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1904,  pp.  87-104. 

349.  Analyses  of  Fertilizing  Substances;  Notes  on  Barn-yard 
Manure;  Discussion  of  Trade  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients. 
Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat.  Mass.  No.  95.    March,  1904,  pp.  18. 

350.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt. 
Stat.  Mass.  No.  100.   July,  1904,  pp.  30. 

851.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt. 
Stat.  Mass.  No.  102.  December,  1904,  pp.  40. 

1905 

352.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Seventeenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1905,  pp.  94-110. 

353.  Index  Number.  Massachusetts  State  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station.  C.  A.  Goessmann,  Director.  Vol.  1-12.  1883- 
1894.  Amherst,  Mass.  Press  of  Carpenter  &  Morehouse, 
1905.   8vo,  pp.  44. 

854.  Analyses  of  Fertilizer  Substances  and  Discussion  of  Trade 

Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.     Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 

Mass.  No.  103.   March,  1905,  pp.  20. 
S55.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 

Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.    BuU.  Hatch  Expt. 

Stat.  Mass.  No.  104.  July,  1905,  pp.  28. 


OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY  GOESSMANN    171 

356.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt. 
Stat.  Mass.  No.  107.  December,  1905,  pp.  42. 

1906 

S57.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Eighteenth  Report  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  1906,  pp.  50-64. 

358.  Analyses  of  Fertilizer  Substances,  Refuse  Materials  and  Soils, 
of  Paris  Green  and  other  Insecticides.  Bull.  Hatch  Expt.  Stat. 
Mass.  No.  109.  March,  1906,  pp.  23. 

359.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.  BuU.  Hatch  Expt. 
Stat.  Mass.  No.  111.  July,  1906,  pp.  28. 

1907 

360.  Report  of  the  Chemist.  Nineteenth  Report  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  1907,  pp.  65-81. 

361.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Licensed  Fertilizers; 
Market  Values  of  Fertilizing  Ingredients.  Buti.  Hatch  Expt. 
Stat.  Mass.  No.  113.   January,  1907,  pp.  30. 

862.  Analyses  of  Manurial  Substances  and  Soils;  Discussion  of 
Trade  Values  of  Fertilizer  Ingredients  for  1907.  Instructions 
r^arding  the  Sampling  of  Materials  to  be  forwarded  for 
Analyses  (with  H.  D.  Haskins).  BuU.  Mass.  Agric.  Expt. 
Stat.  No.  117.  March,  1907,  pp.  22. 


NOTICES  OF  CHARLES  ANTHONY 
GOESSMANN 

Letter  of  Friedrich  Wohler  to  Justus  Liebig,  16  March  1857.  Aus 
Justxis  Liebig's  und  Friedrich  Wohler's  Briefwechsel  1829-1873. 
Braunschweig  1888.  Band  ii.  S.  39,  40.  ^ 

The  Amherst  Record  of  May  21,  1868. 

Courier  and  Union,  Syracuse,  N.Y.,  May  28,  1868. 

Central  Demokrat,  Syracuse,  den  26ten  Dezember  1868. 

Agriculture  of  Massachusetts  for  1868-69,  pp.  23-25, 118, 119, 122, 
123.   By  William  S.  Clark  and  Louis  Agassiz. 

Address  on  American  Contributions  to  Chemistry,  at  the  meeting 
to  celebrate  the  Centennial  of  Chemistry,  at  Northumberland, 
Perm.,  July  31,  1874.  By  Benjamin  Silliman.  American  Chem- 
ist, vol.  V.  1874,  pp.  112,  113. 

Sixth  Annual  Repyort  of  the  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agri- 
cultural College,  January  1869,  p.  7.  By  William  S.  Clark. 

The  Catholic  World  Magazine,  vol.  lxvi.  March  1898,  pp.  856-858, 
with  portrait. 

Poggendorff's  Biographisch-Literarisches  Handworterbuch  zur 
Geschichte  der  exacten  Wissenschaften,  Bd.  iii.  1898,  p.  529. 
By  H.  Carrington  Bolton. 

A  Sketch  of  Charles  A.  Goessmann.  By  Charles  S.  Walker.  The 
Springfield  Union  of  June  30,  1900,  p.  1,  with  j)ortrait. 

Experiment  Station  Record,  Washington,  vol.  xviii.  1907,  pp. 
1101-1104.  By  Edwin  W.  Allen. 

Testimonial  to  Professor  Goessmann,  June  18,  1907.  Address  by 
Charles  Wellington.  Forty-fifth  Anniuil  Report  of  the  Massachu- 
aetts  Agricultural  College,  January  1908,  pp.  56-60. 

*  '  As  ^  teacher  Wohler  ranks  with  Liebig  and  Berzelius.  In  a  sense  he 
was  the  greatest  of  the  three.  Berzelius  never  had  the  opportunity  to 
teach  large  numbers  of  students  in  his  laboratory;  and  Liebig  lacked  the 
nnany-sidedness  so  characteristic  of  the  Gottingen  laboratory  as  long  as  it 
really  was  under  Wohler's  personal  direction.  One  student  might  wish  to 
work  on  organic  chemistry,  another  on  minerals,  a  third  on  metallurgy, 
a  fourth  on  rare  elements;  let  them  all  go  to  Wohler,  and  all,  as  well  as 
the  fifth  or  sixth,  would  find  themselves  in  the  right  place.'  (William 
Dittmar.) 


174  NOTICES 

A  Tribute.  By  William  H,  Bowker.  College  and  Alumni  News,  vol. 
V.  1907,  pp.  47-49,  with  portrait. 

Forty-fifth  Annual  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, January  1908,  pp.  95-98  (passim),  113-115.  By  William  P. 
Brooks. 

Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station,  January  1908,  pp.  5-9.  By  William  P.  Brooks. 

The  Index  of  the  Class  of  1909.  Dedicated  to  Charles  Anthony 
Goessmann,  with  a  tribute  by  Charles  Wellington.  (Vol.  xxxix. 
pp.  8-11,  with  portrait.) 

The  Springfield  Republican  of  September  2,  1910,  p,  11,  with  por- 
trait. 

The  Springfield  Union  of  September  2,  1910. 

The  Amherst  Record  of  September  7,  1910, 

Action  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College.  The  College  Signal,  vol.  xxi.  1910,  pp.  5,  6.  By  William 
H.  Bowker. 

Memorial  Service,  Addresses  by  Kenyon  L.  Butterfield,  Charles 
Wellington,  Winthrop  E,  Stone  and  Charles  F,  Chandler.  The 
College  Signal,  vol.  xxi.  1910,  pp.  1,  4-7;  The  Springfield  Union, 
October  12,  1910;  The  Springfield  Republican,  October  13, 1910. 

Nature,  London,  vol.  ixxxiv,  1910,  p,  370. 

Experiment  Station  Record,  Washington,  vol.  xxin.  1910,  pp. 
401,  402.   By  Edwin  W,  Allen. 

The  American  Chemical  Journal,  vol,  xliv.  1910,  pp.  475-477. 
By  Joseph  S.  Chamberlain. 

Proceedings  of  the  American  Chemical  Society,  vol.  xxxii.  1910, 
pp.  131,  132,   By  Homer  J,  Wheeler, 

Southern  Ruralist,  December  1,  1910,  p,  16.  By  Horace  E,  Stock- 
bridge, 

Forty-eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  part  1,  January  1911,  pp,  14,  15.  By  Kenyon  L. 
Butterfield. 

Twenty-third  Annual  Report  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station,  January  1911,  pp,  13,  14,  80-85,  with  por- 
trait. By  Joseph  B.  Lindsey. 

Sketch  of  Dr.  Goessmann,  McEvoy  Magazine,  January  1911,  pp. 
239-242,  286,  By  Thomas  J,  McEvoy. 

Historical  Records  and  Studies  of  the  United  States  Catholic  His- 
torical Society,  vol,  vi.  part  1,  February  1911,  pp,  131-159,  with 
portrait.  By  Frederick  Tuckerman. 


CHRONOLOGY 

1827.  Born  at  Naumbiirg,  Electorate  of  Hesse-Cassel,  Ger- 
many, June  13. 

1832-36,  Attended  public  and  private  schools  in  Naumburg. 

1836-42.  At  the  Latin  School  in  Fritzlar. 

1842-46.  Apprenticed  to  his  cousin  Louis  Elith,  apothecary  in 
Gudensbei^,  Hesse-Cassel,  28  March  1842  to  March 
1846. 
1846.  Passed  examination  as  assistant  in  pharmacy,  before 
the  Kurf :  Hess:  Ober-Medizinal-Kollegium  zu  Kassel, 
February  24. 

1846-47.  Assistant  to  Julius  Post,  University  Apothecary,  G<it- 
tmgen,  April  1846  to  April  1847. 

1847-48.  Assistant  to  Paul  Duckeissen  (Engel-Apotheke) ,  Mainz, 
Grand  Duchy  of  Hesse,  April  1847  to  October  1848. 
1848.  Received  as  a  member  of  the  Pius-Verein  fiir  religiose 
Freiheit  zu  Mainz,  April  5. 

1848-50.  Assistant  to  Th.  Jacobi,  apothecary,  Fulda,  Hesse- 
Cassel,  1  October  1848  to  31  March  1850. 

1850.  Entered  the  University  of  Gottingen  at  Easter,  27 
April  1850,  matriculating  in  the  philosophical  faculty 
as  a  student  of  pharmacy  —  Joh.  Karl  Ludw.  Gieseler, 
ProredoT. 

1851.  Appointed  assistant  in  analytical  chemistry,  under 
Professor  Staedeler,  October  18. 

1852.  Passed  examination  as  apothecary  in  Hessen-Kassel 
(Kurhessen),  before  the  Kurf:  Hess:  Ober-Medizinal- 
Kollegium,  March  23. 

1852.  Appointed  second  assistant  in  the  Chemical  Labora- 
tory, Gottingen,  June  8. 

1852.  Presented  a  dissertation,  Ueber  die  Bestandtheile  der 
Canthariden,  and  on  December  27  received  the  degree 
of  Doctor  of  Philosophy. 

1853.  Inaugural-Dissertation  printed,  a  synopsis  of  which, 
entitled  Ueber  die  Natur  des  Fettes  der  Canthariden, 
appeared  the  same  year  in  Wohler,  Liebig  und  Kopp's 
Annalen  der  Chemie  und  Pharmacie. 


176  CHRONOLOGY 

1854.  Published  the  results  of  his  research  on  the  conversion 
of  thialdine  into  leucin.  HaMlitationsschrift. 

1854.  Read  a  paper  before  the  meeting  of  German  Natural- 
ists and  Physicians  at  Gottingen,  in  September,  en- 
titled Ueber  Leucin  und  Essigsaure-Aldehyd. 

1855.  Appointed  Privatdocent  in  chemistry  and  pharmacy 
for  one  year,  in  the  Philosophical  Faculty,  Gottingen, 
February  24. 

1855.  Succeeded  Heinrich  Limpricht  as  first  assistant  in  the 
Chemical  Laboratory,  Gottingen. 

1855.  Elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Physico- 
Medical  Society  of  Erlangen,  Bavaria,  May  19. 

1856.  Appointed  Privatdocent  in  the  Philosophical  Faculty 
of  the  University  of  Gottingen,  tenia  legendi,  January 
29. 

1856.  Attended  the  annual  meeting  of  the  German  Natural- 
ists and  Physicians  at  Vienna,  September  16-24. 

1857.  Granted  a  three  years'  leave  of  absence  by  the  Univer- 
sity, at  the  close  of  the  winter  semester,  in  order  to 
study  the  chemical  industries  of  France,  England,  and 
the  United  States. 

1857.  Sailed  from  Bremen  for  New  York,  May  12. 

1857.  First  paper  on  sugar.  Published  in  Wohler  und  Liebig's 
Annalen. 
1857-60.  Chemist  and  General  Superintendent  of  the  Eastwick 
Brothers'  Steam  Sugar  Refinery,  Philadelphia.    Re- 
signed December  1,  1860. 

1860.  Visited  Cuba  for  the  purpose  of  studying  the  agricul- 
tural industries  of  the  West  Indies,  esjiecially  the  manu- 
facture and  refining  of  sugar.  3  December  1860  to  21 
March  1861. 

1861-68.  Chemist  to  the  Salt  Company  of  Onondaga,  Syracuse, 
New  York,  April  1861  to  December  1868. 

1861.  Elected  an  honorary  member  of  the  Chemical  Society 
of  Union  College,  October  21. 

1862.  Address  on  the  Nature  of  the  Chinese  Sugar-cane,  deliv- 
ered before  the  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society, 
in  February. 

1862.  Married  October  22,  at  Syracuse,  New  York,  Mary 

Anna  Clara  Kinny, 
1862.  Visited  Saginaw,  Michigan,  in  October,  to  examine  the 

brines  and  saline  deposits. 
1862.  First  paper  on  brines  and  salines. 


CHRONOLOGY  177 

1862-64.  Taught  Chemistry  at  the  Rensselaer  Polytechnic  In- 
stitute at  Troy,  New  York.  Elected  Professor  of 
Chemistry  and  Physics  at  the  Institute,  July  9,  1863. 

1863.  Elected  a  corresponding  and  honorary  member  of  the 
New  York  State  Agricultural  Society,  in  January. 
Date  of  certificate,  February  12. 

1863.  Elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Buffalo  Soci- 
ety of  Natural  Sciences,  May  7. 

1865.  Elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  New  York 
Academy  of  Sciences  (formerly  the  Lyceum  of  Natural 
History),  October  2. 

1866.  Appointed  Consulting  Correspondent  of  the  American 
Biu-eau  of  Mines,  New  York,  March  10. 

1866.  Commissioned  by  the  Board  of  Experts  of  the  Ameri- 
can Bureau  of  Mines  to  visit  Louisiana  and  investigate 
the  rock-salt  deposit  of  Petite  Anse  Island,  New  Iberia, 
on  Vermihon  Bay,  October  30. 

1867.  Made  two  visits  to  Canada,  in  June  and  December 
respectively,  for  the  purpose  of  ascertaining  the  extent 
of  the  saUne  resources  and  the  quality  of  the  brines, 
especially  at  Goderich. 

1868.  Elected  Professor  of  Chemistry  at  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College,  May  12,  and  entered  upon  his 
duties  in  December. 

1868.  Admitted  as  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
October  23. 

1869.  Elected  a  member  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science,  Salem  meeting,  August  18. 

1869.  Address  on  the  Chemistry  of  Common  Salt,  delivered  be- 
fore the  National  Academy  of  Sciences,  Northampton 
session,  August  31. 

1869.  Address  on  Salt  and  its  Uses  in  Agriculture,  delivered 
before  the  Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
December  7.  Goessmann's  earliest  paper  on  fertiliza- 
tion. 
1870-74.  Exp)eriments  on  the  cultivation  of  the  sugar  beet. 

1873,  Appointed  Chemist  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
of  Massachusetts,  February  4. 

1873.  Enactment  of  the  First  Fertilizer  Law  in  the  United 
States,  passed  and  approved  May  26.    Of  this  law 
Goessmann  was  the  prime  author. 
1879-1910.  Ex  officio  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture 
and  State  Inspector  of  Fertilizers,  May  26,  1873. 


178  CHRONOLOGY 

1874.  Member  of  the  General  Committee  of  American  Chem- 
ists, chosen  to  commemorate  the  one  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  discovery  of  Oxygen  by  Joseph  Priestley. 

1874-80.  Systematic  investigation  of  the  chemical  and  physical 
condition  of  the  salt  marshes  of  the  State. 

1875.  Elected  a  Fellow  of  the  American  Association  for  the 

Advancement  of  Science,  Detroit  meeting,  August  17. 

1876.  Original  member  of  the  American  Chemical  Society 
and  elected  Vice-President,  November  2. 

-1880.  Elected  State  Agricultural  Chemist  of  North  Carolina 
and  Director  of  the  Experiment  Station  at  Chapel 
Hill,  March  2. 
1880.  Original  member  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Agricultural  Science,  August  24. 

1880-81.  Chairman  of  the  Association  of  Agricultural  Chemists 
—  later  the  Association  of  OflBcial  Agricultiu*al  Chem- 
ists of  the  United  States. 

1881-82.  Member  of  the  Committee  appointed  by  the  National 
Academy  of  Sciences  to  investigate  the  Scientific  and 
Economic  Relations  of  the  Sorghum-sugar  Industry  in 
the  United  States. 

1881-82.  Vice-President  of  the  American  Chemical  Society. 

1882.  Elected  a  member  of  the  Virginia  Historical  Society, 
June  16. 

1882-95.  Director  and  Chemist  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricul- 
tural Experiment  Station.  Appointed  November  9, 
1882. 

1883.  Member  of  the  American  Metrological  Society. 
1883-1904.  Analyst  to  the  State  Board  of  Health  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

1885.  Delegate  to  the  First  Convention  of  Agricultural  Col- 
leges and  Experiment  Stations,  at  Washington,  July 
8  and  9. 

1886.  Elected  Chemist  to  the  Bay  State  Agricultural  Society, 
March  1. 

1887.  President  of  the  American  Chemical  Society.  Elected 
December  3,  1886. 

1888-95.  Member  of  the  Board  of  Control  of  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
1889.  Elected  a  corresponding  member  of  the  Massachusetts 

Horticultural  Society,  April  6. 
1889.  Degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  conferred  by  Amherst  Col- 
lege, July  2. 


CHRONOLOGY  179 

1889.  Foreign  member  of  the  Committee  on  Plant  Food, 
Allgemeine  land-  und  forstwirthschaftliche  Ausstel- 
lung,  Wien  1890. 

1892.  Appointed  a  member  of  the  Advisory  Coimcil  on  Chem- 
istry of  the  World's  Congress  AnxiUary  of  the  Colum- 
bian Exposition,  December  12. 
1892-95.  Treasurer  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station. 

1894.  Member  of  the  American  Lavoisier  Committee  for  the 
erection  in  Paris  of  a  monument  to  Antoine-Laurent 
Lavoisier. 

1895.  Appointed  Honorary  Director  of  the  Experiment  Sta- 
tion, Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  April  16. 

1898.  Elected  a  member  of  the  American  Statistical  Associa- 
tion, January  21. 
1899-1900.  In  August  1899  Dr.  Goessmann,  accompanied  by  his 
family,  revisited  the  Fatherland  after  an  absence  of 
forty  years,  remaining  abroad  until  the  following  June. 
He  went  also  as  an  honorary  representative  of  the 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  to  the  Ger- 
man Empire,  and  as  a  delegate  of  the  American  Chem- 
ical Society  to  the  unveiling  of  the  statue  of  Antoine- 
Laurent  Lavoisier  in  Paris. 
1899-1910.  Member  of  the  Council  of  the  American  Chemical 
Society. 

1900.  Elected  a  member  of  the  Washington  Academy  of 
Sciences,  January  9. 

1900.  Member  of  the  American  Academy  of  Political  and 
Social  Science. 

1907.  Resigned  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry  in  June,  re- 
tiring on  a  pension  from  the  Carnegie  Foundation. 

1907.  Presented  by  his  pupils  with  a  stained-glass  window, 
June  17,  commemorative  of  forty  years  of  service  at 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

1907.  Resigned  as  Chemist  of  the  Experiment  Station,  Mass- 
achusetts Agricultural  College,  and  appointed  Consult- 
ing Chemical  Expert,  July  1. 

1908.  Professor  of  Chemistry,  EmerittLS,  June  16. 

1910.  Portrait  of  Dr.  Goessmann  presented  to  the  College  by 

the  Alumni,  June  21. 
1910.  Died  at  Amherst,  September  1. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


Agardh,  Karl  A.,  15. 

Agassiz,  Louis,  1,  3,  30,  31,  32,  33, 
36  37  173. 

Allen,  Edwin  W.,  178, 174. 

Alsberg,  Meinhard,  34,  125. 

American  Academy  erf  Arts  and 
Sciences,  98. 

American  Association  for  the  Ad- 
vancement of  Science,  98, 177, 178. 

American  Bureau  of  Mines,  22,  177. 

American  Chemical  Society,  98,  99, 
100,  178,  179. 

Amherst  College,  29,  99,  135,  178. 

Arago,  Francois,  J.  D.,  139. 

Arfvedson,  Johann  A.,  15. 

Association  of  Agricultural  Chemists, 
97,  178. 

Atkinson,  Edmund,  12,  143. 

Atwater,  Wilbur  O.,  36. 

Austro-Prussian  War,  128. 

Babcock,  James  F.,  155. 

Baer,  Karl  Ernst  von,  3. 

Baeyer,  Adolf  von,  133. 

Baker,  George  M.,  52. 

Barker,  George  F.,  34. 

Bartling,  Friedrich  G.,  6,  115,  116, 

134. 
Baum,  FrSulein  Augusta,  117. 
Baum,  Wilhelm,  122. 
Beiistein,  Friedr.  K.,  121,  128.      ' 
Bell.  Jacob,  140. 
Berthelot,  Marcellin,  11,  143. 
Berthold,  Arnold  A.,  122. 
Berzelius,  Jons  J.,  Baron,  15,  16,  17, 

122  173. 
Biallo'blotzky.  Fr.,  114. 
V.  Bobers,  117. 
Bode,  Dr.,  116. 

Boedeker.  Karl,  112.  117,  120,  122. 
Bohtz,  August  W.,  6. 
Bolton,  H.  Carrington,  34,  173. 
Booth,  James  C,  118,  114,  116,  118, 

128.  135. 
Borke,  Baron  von,  2. 


Botanical  Garden  at  Gottingen,  116, 

128;  at  MUnchen,  116. 
Boussingault,  Jean-Baptiste,  11.  40, 

53.  54,  139. 
Bowker,  William  H.,  103,  174. 
Brewster,  Sir  David,  140. 
Brinsmade,  Thomas  C,  25. 
Brongniart,  Adolphe  T.,  15. 
Brongniart,  Alexandre,  15. 
Brooks,  William  P.,  81,  83,  85.  86, 

88,  90,  163.  164.  174. 
Buchner,  Ludwig  A.,  17. 
Buff,  Heinrich,  112. 
Bunsen,  Robert  W.,  17. 
Butterfield,  Kenyon  L.,  104,  174. 

Cahours,  Auguste,  11. 

Caldwell,  George  C,  12, 14,  15,  100, 

143. 
Carmichael,  Henry,  180. 
Chadbourne,  Paul  A.,  87. 
Chamberlain.  Joseph  S.,  174. 
Chandler,  Charles  F.,  8,  14,  15,  25, 

84.  99.  100,  104,  174. 
Chandler,  William  H.,  34. 
Chemical    Laboratory,    Gottingen, 

6-8.  10,  116,    117,   119-121,  124, 

127,  128,  138,  173,  175.  176. 
Chevreul.  Michel  E.,  139. 
Child,  Edwm  B..  103. 
Clark.  William  S.,  14,  28,  29.  30,  31, 

33,  36.  39.  40,  41,  60,  113,  116, 

134,  135.  147.  173. 
Conradi,  Johann  W.  H.,  122. 
Cook,  George  H.,  20,  22,  96. 
Crookes.  Sir  William,  189. 
Cummings,  Rev.  Dr.,  105. 

Darmstadt,  Matth..  129,  181. 
Davis,  Charles  G.,  86. 
Davy,  Sir  Humphry,  5.  15. 
Dean,  John,  15. 100. 
Despretz,  C^sar  M.,  114. 
Deutsche  Naturforscher  und  Aerzte, 
meeting  at  Gottingen,  9, 142, 176; 


184 


INDEX 


at  Vienna,  9,  176;  at  Karlsruhe, 

114. 
Deville,  H.  Sainte-Claire,  17. 112, 113. 
DUIon,  John  C,  46. 
Dirichlet.    See  Lejeune-D. 
Dittraar.  William,  173n. 
Dollinger,  Ignatius,  3. 
Dollinger,  Johann  von,  3. 
Doltz,  Architect,  117,  121. 
Drowne,  Charles,  26. 
DUckeissen,  Paul,  175. 
Dumas,  Jean-Baptiste,  8,   11,   139, 

142. 

Eastwick  Brothers'  Sugar  Refinery, 
18,  20,  111,  113,  115,  176. 

Eastwick,  Edward  P..  15,  16. 

Eastwick,  Joseph  H.,  15,  16,  100. 

Eastwicks,  the,  113,  114.  118,  123. 

Egleston,  Thomas,  34. 

Elderhorst,  William,  25. 

Elith,  Louis  C,  175. 

Emerson,  George  B.,  159. 

Engelhardt,  Francis  E.,  113,  116, 
119,  130. 

Engelmann,  George,  1. 

Erdmann,  A.,  144. 

Erdmann,  Otto  L.,  17.  140. 

Erlangen,  University  of,  8,  176. 

Esmark,  Jens,  15. 

Faber,  Rev.  Frederick  W.,  104. 
Fabian,  Chr.,  116. 
Faraday,  Michael,  106. 
Fehling,  Hermann  von,  17. 
Fertilizer  inspection,  35,  58-63,  177. 
Fisher,  Jabez,  163. 
Fittig.  Rudolf,  116,  121,  128.  133. 
Flint,  Charles  L.,  36,  41,  60,  159. 
Flilgel,  Carl  F.  A.,  129. 
Fownes,  George,  12. 
Francis.  William,  139,  140. 
French  Academy  of  Sciences,  8,  11. 
Frerichs,  Friedrich  T.,  11. 
Fresenius,  Carl  R.,  140. 

Garrigues,  Samuel  S.,  14.  22,  113, 

114,  116. 
Gay-Lussac,  Joseph  L.  G.,  139. 
Genth,  Friedrich  A.,  1. 
Grerman  Naturalists  and  Physicians, 

meeting  of,  9,  114,  142,  176. 
Geuther.  Anton.  14,  112,  116,  117, 

118,  121,  122,  124.  125. 


Gieseler,  Joh.  K.  L.,  175. 
Gillingham,  C,  113,  116. 
Goessmann,  Agnes  R..  26. 
Goessmann,  Charles  Anthony  — 
birth,  4; 

early  education,  4,  5; 
enters   the  University  of  Gottin- 

gen,  5; 
receives  his  degree,  7; 
privcUdocent  at  Gottingen,  8; 
arrival  in  America,  18; 
chemist  at  Philadelphia,  18-20; 
visits  Cuba,  20; 
chemist  to  the  Salt  Company  of 

Onondaga,  Syracuse,  20-21; 
visits  Michigan,  22; 
visits  Ix)uisiana,  22; 
visits  Canada,  22-23; 
elected  professor  of  chemistry  and 
physics  at  the  Rensselaer  Poly- 
technic Institute,  Troy,  25; 
marriage,  26; 

elected  professor  of  chemistry  at 
the  Massachusetts  Agricultural 
College,  28; 
appointed  chemist  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Board  of  Agriculture, 
35; 
appointed  State  Inspector  of  Fer- 
tilizers, 35; 
appointed  director  and  chemist, 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  Ex- 
periment Station,  43; 
chosen  president  of  the  American 

Chemical  Society,  98; 
receives  degree  of  LL.D.  from  Am- 
herst College,  99; 
visit  to  Europe,  100; 
resigns  professorship  of  chemistry, 

101; 
death,  104. 
Goessmann,  Charles  I.,  26. 
Goessmann,  Heinrich,  2,  3,  4,  5,  127, 

134. 
Goessmann,  Helena  Henslinger-Boe- 

diger,  4. 
Goessmann,  Helena  T.,  26. 
Goessmann,  Henry  E.  V.,  26. 
Goessmann,  Joseph,  1,  2. 
Goessmann,  Louis  E.,  26. 
Goessmann,  Mary  F.,  26. 
Goessmann,    Mrs.    (Mary    A.    C. 

Kinny),  26,  176. 
Goessmann,  Philip,  2. 


INDEX 


185 


GSttingen,  University  of,  5,  6,  14- 

16,  99-103,  133,  175,  176. 
Goodman,  Richard,  41. 
Graham,  Thomas.  122. 
Grandeau,  Louis  N.,  114. 
Graz,  University  of,  2. 
Greifswald,  University  of,  121. 
Griepenkerl,  Friedrich,  100. 
Grouven,  Hubert,  55,  72. 
Gurley,  William,  26. 
Guyot,  Arnold,  1. 
Guzman.  See  Goessmann. 

Hague,  James  D.,  15,  99,  100. 
Haidinger,  Wilhelm,  9. 
Hanssen,  Georg,  122. 
Hansteen,  Christoffer,  15. 
Harris,  Elijah  P.,  116. 
Hart,  Thomas  E.,  123. 
Haskins,  Henri  D.,  169,  171. 
Hausmann.  Johann  F.  L.,  6, 121, 122. 
Heintz,  Wilhelm  H.,  10. 
Henneberg,  Johann  Wilhelm  J.,  19, 

72,  115,  139. 
Henslinger-Boediger,  Helena,  4. 
Herzogliche  Technische  Hochschule, 

Braunschweig,  27,  123. 
Hilgard.  Eugene  W.,  23,  96. 
Hisinger,  Wilhelm,  15,  16. 
Hitchcock,  Edward,  37,  107. 
Hofmann,  August  W.  von,  Sn,   17, 

129. 
Hubner,  Hans,  128,  138. 
Hughes,  Angela,  26. 
Hughes,  Archbishop,  26. 
Humphrey,  James  E.,  43,  162,  163, 

164. 
Hungerford,  Edward,  14,  100. 
Hunt,  T.  Sterry,  24. 
Hurtzig,  112. 

Jacobi,  Th.,  175. 
Jena,  University  of,  124. 
Johnson,  Samuel  W.,  68,  96. 
Joy,  Charles  A.,  14,  34,  116,  119, 
121,  124,  125. 

Kaiser.  Fr&ulein.  2. 
Kane.  Sir  Robert,  140. 
Kedzie,  Robert  €.,  41,  96. 
Keller,  Heinrich,  151. 
Kinny.  Edward,  26. 
Knowlton,  William,  86. 
Kobell,  Franz  von,  9. 


Koch,  Robert,  87. 

Konigliche  Gesellschaft  der  Wissen- 

schaften,  Gottingen,  112,  122. 
Kopp,  Hermann,  F.  M.,  112,  139. 
Komrumpf,   Frau,    130,    132,    134, 

135. 
Kreuzhagen,  Frau,  126. 
Kreuzhagen,  Fraulein  Anna,  126. 
Kuhlmann,  FrWeric,  114. 
Kurf.  Hess.    Ober-Medizinal-Kolle- 

giimi,  7,  175. 

Langensalza,  battle  of,  128. 
Lantzius-Beninga,  B.  S.  H.,  6. 
Laurent,  Auguste,  12. 
Lavoisier,  Antoine  L.,  53,  100,  179. 
Lawes,  Sir  John  B.,  40,  41. 
Ledoux,  Albert  R.,  97. 
Lehmann,  Karl  G.,  124. 
Lejeune-Dirichlet,  G.,  122. 
Leopold  Academy,  119. 
Lesquereux,  Leo,  1. 
Leydolt,  Franz,  9. 
Libby.  Edgar  H..  150,  151,  152. 
Liebig,  Justus,  Baron  von,  5,  9,  16, 

17,  53,  54.  114,  119,  133,  139.  178. 
Limpricht,  Heinrich.  8,  11,  112,  114, 

116,  117,  121,  122,  176. 
Lindsey,  Joseph  B..  43,  165,  174. 
Little,  George,  116. 
Loring,  George  B.,  36. 
Lyceum  of  Natural  History,  New 

York,  177. 

Magee,  James  F.,  15,  100,  118. 

Magnus,  Gustav,  17. 

Mallet,  John  W.,  14,  100. 

Manross,  Newton  S.,  135. 

Marburg,  University  of,  8,  6,  127, 
134. 

Marsh,  Ebenezer,  14. 

Martins,  Kari  F.  P.  von,  9,  116. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 
28-33.  177,  179. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  Experi- 
ment Station,  42-43,  70-96, 178- 
179. 

Massachusetts  Experiment  Station, 
39-42. 

Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture, 30,  33,  35-37,  59-62,  99, 
177. 

Massachusetts  State  Board  of  Health, 
98,  177. 


186 


INDEX 


Maynard,  Samuel  T.,  39,  43,  6Sn, 

154,  167,  160,  162. 
McEvoy,  Thomas  J.,  174. 
Meissner,  Georg,  122. 
Merkel,  Burgomaster,  133. 
Miles.  Manly,  41,  43,  70. 
Mitscherlich,  Eilhard,  10,  17. 
Morgan,  J.  Pierpont,  99. 
Morton,  J.  Sterling,  148. 
Mott,  Henry  A.,  152. 
Mlinchen,  University  of,  133. 
Mumm,  Baron  von,  2. 

Nason,  Henry  B.,  14,  15,  25,  100. 
National  Academy  of  Sciences,  33, 

97,  147,  177,  178. 
Newberry,  John  S.,  24. 
Newman,  Cardinal,  104. 

New  York  Academy  of  Sciences,  24, 

98,  177. 

New  York  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, 19,  47,  144,  148,  176,  177. 

Nichols,  James  R.,  59. 

Nickl^s,  Jer6me,  114. 

Niemann,  A.,  119. 

Nilsson,  Sven,  15. 

North  Carolina  Experiment  Station, 
97,  178. 

Novara,  the,  120. 

Oersted,  Hans  C,  15. 
Oesterley,  Carl,  117. 
Oken,  Lorenz,  9n. 
Otto,  Friedrich  J.,  122. 

Parkman,  Theodore,  123. 
Peabody,  Selim  H.,  39. 
Pelouze,  Theophile  J.,  5,  139. 
Penhallow,  David  P.,  38,  40,  69n, 

150. 
Petersen,  Carl  Th.,  144. 
Pettenkofer,  Max  von,  17. 
Physico-Medical  Society  of  Erlan- 

gen.  8,  176. 
Porter,  Charles  H.,  22. 
Post,  Julius,  5,  175. 
Pourtales,  Frangois,  Comte  de,  1. 
Prescott,  Albert  B.,  98. 
Priestley,  Joseph,  178. 
Pugh,  Evan,  14,  15,  41,  100,  116. 

Rammelsberg,  Karl  F.  A.,  17. 
Redtenbacher,  Josef,  9. 
Regnault,  Henri  V.,  139. 


Reichenbach,  Karl,  Baron  von,  9. 
Rensselaer    Polytechnic     Institute, 

Troy,  25.  177. 
Retzius,  Christian,  15.  16. 
Riemann,  Bemhard,  122. 
Rinteln,  119. 

Ritter,  Geh.  Hofr.  Heinrich,  7. 
Rose,  Heinrich,  5.  17. 
Royal  Society  of  Sciences,  Gottingen, 

112,  122. 

Sainte-CIaire  Deville,  Henri,  17, 
112,  113. 

Salt  Company  of  Onondaga,  Syra- 
cuse, 20-26,  176. 

Sargent,  Charles  S.,  36. 

Sartorius  von  Waltershausen,  W., 
6.  118,  121. 

Schafhautl,  Carl  E.  von,  9. 

Scheerer,  Theodor,  33,  147. 

Scheven,  H.,  12.  142. 

Schleiden,  Matthias,  J.,  116. 

Schleswig-Holstein  War,  128. 

Schonbein,  Christian  F.,  17. 

Schonlein,  Johann  L.,  9. 

Schrotter,  Anton.  9. 

Schwanert,  Franz  Hugo,  115,  116. 

Schwarzenberg,  Oberbergrath,  123. 

Senarmont,  Henri  de,  139. 

Seyfert,  Dr.,  124. 

Shepard,  Charles  U.,  135. 

Silliman,  Benjamin,  173. 

Societas  Physico-Medica  Erlangen- 
sis,  8,  176. 

Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Agri- 
cultural Science,  98,  178. 

Specht,  C,  140. 

Spiegelberg,  Otto.  114. 

Spratt,  Mrs.  Agnes  R.,  26. 

Staedeler.  Georg  A.  K..  6.  7,  175. 

Steams,  William  A.,  28. 

Steffens,  Heinrich,  15. 

Stenhouse,  John,  11. 

Stephani,  Herr,  113,  114,  116. 

Stewart,  A.  P.  S.,  116.  123. 

Stockbridge,  Horace  E.,  174. 

Stockbridge,  Levi,  36,  39,  40,  41, 
42. 

Stockhardt,  Julius  A.,  35,  149. 

Stohmann,  Friedr.  C.  A.,  72. 

Stone,  Winthrop  E..  104,  174. 

Storrs,  Henry  E.,  131. 

Strassburg,  University  of,  133. 

Sturtevant,  Joseph  N.,  36. 


INDEX 


187 


Taylor,  Richard,  140. 
Taylor,  William  H.,  69. 
Troost,  Louis  J.,  114. 
Tuckerman,  Frederick,  103,  174. 
Tubingen,  University  of,  133. 
Tuttle,  David  K.,  15, 100. 
Tyndall,  John,  140. 

Uslar,   Louis   von,    116,    121,    128, 
133. 

Virchow,  Rudolf,  11. 
V^ogel,  August,  9. 

Wagner,  Rudolf,  118, 122. 
Wagram,  battle  of,  2. 
Waldeck-Pyrmont,  Prince  of,  2. 
Walker,  Charles  S.,  173. 
Waltershausen.  See  Sartorius  vonW. 
Ward,  Andrew  H.,  60. 
Weber,  Wilhelm  E.,  6. 


Webster,  Noah,  107. 
Weld,  Mason  C,  59. 
Wellington,  Charles,  103,  104,  173, 

174. 
Werther,  August  F.  G.,  140. 
Weyman,  George  W.,  14. 
Wheeler,  Homer  J.,  103,  174. 
Wicke,  Wilhelm,  112,  114,  117,  120, 

122. 
Wiggers,  Heinrich  A.  L.,  6. 
Wilder,  Marshall  P.,  36,  37. 
Wbhler,  Friedrich,  3,  5,  6,  7,  8,  11, 

14,  15,  16,  17,  19,  25,  27,  30,  44, 

101;  letters  of,  111-135,  139,  142, 

144,  173. 
Wohler,  Frl.  Helena,  100. 
Wohler,  Frl.  Sophia,  100. 
Wolff,  Emil,  41,  72. 
Wrede,  Ernst  F.,  Baron,  15. 
WUrzburg,  University  of,  3. 
Wurtz,  Charles  A.,  9n,  139. 


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